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Chemiosmosis- By Olaoluwa Adewoye, Mauton Gbenu, Daisuke Mayama, Chisom Maduka
By Olaoluwa Adewoye, Mauton Gbenu,
Daisuke Mayama,
Chisom Maduka
Model/Illustration
Definition
Chemiosmosis is when hydrogen ions, or protons move from a higher concetration to a lower concentration. During chemiosmosis, ions move down an electrochemical gradient, which is a gradient of electrochemical potential. Since chemiosmosis is a type of diffusion, ions will move across a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. The flow of H+ across the membrane. They also move to balance out the electric charge across a membrane and make up the energy for ATP.
Chemiosmosis
In Mitochondria
The reduced molecules NADH and FADH2 are generated by the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and pyruvate processing. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which uses the energy released to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membran. ATP synthess then uses the energy stored in this gradient to make ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final electron acceptor and the energy released by reducing oxygen to water is used to phosphorylate ADP and generate ATP
Examples
The most common method involving chemiosmosis in the production of ATP is celluar respiration in the mitochondria. Chemiosmosis is involved in in ATP production through cellular respiration in the vast majority of of different types of organisms, from animals to plants to fungi to protists.
Chemiosmosis is one of the process by which ATP is synthesized. In eukaryotes, it takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cellmembrane. They both use the process to generate ATP for cell activites.
In Plants
When photons are absorbed, the elctrons in the reaction center are excited to higher energy levels, allowing them to be transferred to electron acceptor molecules. As electrons flow from molecules with low affinities for electrons to molecules with higher affinities for electrons, energy is released. The released energy is used to pump protons into the lemen. This process stores energy a proton gradient.
In Prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea also can use chemiosmosis to generate ATP. Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and purple bacteria synthesize ATP a process called photophosporylation. These bacteria use the energy light to create a proton gradient using a photosynthetic electron transport chain. Non-photosynthetic bacteria such as E. coli also contain ATP synthase.