Systems Concept Map

Physiology: protein synthesis, keratin synthesis-contributes to strength and endurance of hair shaft, protection of the skin

Structures: 1. the shaft, 2. the cuticle, 3. the cortex, 4. medulla, 5. the root, 6. the bulb

Hair growth:

1. Anagen phase (growth)-lasts 2-6 years, most hair is growing at any given time

2.Catagen phase (transitional)-lasts 2-3 weeks, hair growth slows and the hair follicle shrinks

3.Telogen phase (resting)-lasts 2-3 months, hair growth stops and old hair falls out. New hair begins growing and pushes old hair out.

Systems Concept Map

The Skeletal System

Bone Growth/ Remodeling

Step 1: Endochondral ossification- cartilage becomes bone

Step 2: Intramembranous ossification- membrane becomes bone

Step 3: Process is controlled by bone growth hormones and sex hormones

Bone Repair:

1. The hematoma formation

2. Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix

3. Calcitonin increases Ca++++ storage

4. Calcitonin Hormonege gets Ca+++ out of storage

5.

Physiology/ Functions

Bibliographies

1. Provide support for the body- the skeletal system provides structural support for the entire body. Individual bones or groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.

2. Store minerals and lipids- calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. The calcium salts of the bone are a valuable mineral reserve that maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids

3. Produce blood cells- red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced in the red marrow which fills the internal cavities or many bones

4. Storage- storage of minerals and lipids (fats)--yellow marrow stores fat--(found in long bones)

5. Movement- skeletal muscle is attached to bone so it pulls on the bone when it contracts

1. 5 Functions of the Skeleton. LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 11 May 2016. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

2. User, Super. "Home." Types of Joints. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

4.

Diathrosis Joint

3. (A–Z), By All Topics. "Normal Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System." Normal Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

4. "Anatomical Terms of Location." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

Joint Classification

5.G., Michael. "Ch 9 Joints at Napa Valley Junior College - StudyBlue." StudyBlue. N.p., 08 Mar. 2016. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

1. Synarthrosis- permits little or no mobility; joints are fused for strength

2. Amphiathrosis- permits slight mobility; bind bones together to make skeleton

3. Diathrosis- freely movable

Amphiarthrosis Joint

Structures

Synathrosis Joint

1.Bone:

a) Compact-tissue forms the outer shell of bones and is hard with concentric layers

b) Spongy- beneath the compact bone and consists of bony bars with interconnecting spaces containing bone marrow

2. Cartilage- provides support and allows some flexibilty of movement which is produced by chondroblasts

3. Tendon- fibrous cords of connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage

4. Ligaments- help to limit the movement of joints according to their functions

5. Joints- to protect ligaments and tendons from rubbing

against bare bones

The Integumentary

System

Physiology: forms the external body covering, composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails, protects deep tissues from injury, and synthesizes vitamin d, keratinization, produces vitamins and hormones, temperature homeostasis, protection, skin color,cutaneous sensation, excretion, stores fat

Nails

Sliding Filament Theory

Skin

Physiology: serve as protection plates and enhance sensory input in fingers and toes

Structures:

1. Root- below the skin under the nail, several mm into finger- provides most volume

2. Nail bed- blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes, adds material to make nail thicker

3. Nail plate- actual nail- translucent keratin, pink appearance created by blood vessels

4. Eponychium- cuticle, fuses structures together and provides waterproof barrier

5. Perionychium- skin overlapping on nail plate

6. Hyponychium- area between nail plate and fingertip, waterproof barrier

Growth: constant but slows with poor circulation and old age. Fingernails grow 3mm per month on average and take 6 months to grow from root to edge. Toenails grow 1 mm per month, and take 12-18 months to grow from root to edge.

Muscular System

B

C

Physiology: sensory organ with receptors for detecting heat and cold, touch, pressure, and pain

-Epidermis: outermost layer made of squamous cells

--stratum corneum: top layer, dead flat cells, cannot see nuclei

--stratum lucidum: thin flat layer of dead cells, not visible in thin skin

--stratum spinosum: polyhedral shaped cells that flatten as they get closer to the stratum granulosum

--stratum basale: innermost layer of elongated columnar cells, consists of basal cells that produce new skin cells

-dermis: thickest layer, regulates temperature, fights infection, stores water, supplies blood

--lymph vessels: supply lymph containing white blood cells to skin tissue to fight microbes

--sweat glands: regulate body temperature by transporting water to the skin's surface where it can evaporate to cool down the skin

--sebaceous (oil) glands: secret oil that helps to waterproof the skin and protect against microbe build up-they are attached to hair follicles

--hair follicles: tube shaped cavities that enclose the hair root and provide nourishment to the hair

--sensory receptors: nerve endings that transmit sensations such as touch, pain, and heat intensity to the brain

--collagen: tough structural proteins that hold muscles and organs in place and gives strength, and forms body tissues

--elastin: rubbery protein that provides elasticity and makes the skin stretchable, also found in ligaments, organs, muscles, and artery walls

-Hypodermis: innermost layer- composed of fat and loose connective tissue, insulates body, cushions and protects internal organs from injury. connects to skin with collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers from dermis

--adipose tissue-stores energy as fat

--blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and hair follicles

Major Muscle Groups

Hair

Each muscle fibre is made up of smaller fibres called myofibrils. These contain even smaller structures called actin and myosin filaments. These filaments slide in and out between each other to form a muscle contractions, this is called the sliding filament theory. There are six structures that are involved: Myofibril, Sarcomere, Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, and Troponin.

The process of a muscle contracting can be divided into five sections:

A nervous impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, which causes a release of a chemical called Acetylcholine. The presence of Acetylcholine causes the depolarisation of the motor end plate which travels throughout the muscle by the transverse tubules, causing Calcium (Ca+) to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

In the presence of high concentrations of Ca+, the Ca+ binds to Troponin, changing its shape and so moving Tropomyosin from the active site of the Actin. The Myosin filaments can now attach to the Actin, forming a cross-bridge.

The breakdown of ATP releases energy which enables the Myosin to pull the Actin filaments inwards and so shortening the muscle. This occurs along the entire length of every myofibril in the muscle cell.

The Myosin detaches from the Actin and the cross-bridge is broken when an ATP molecule binds to the Myosin head. When the ATP is then broken down the Myosin head can again attach to an Actin binding site further along the Actin filament and repeat the 'power stroke'. This repeated pulling of the Actin over the myosin is often known as the ratchet mechanism.

This process of muscular contraction can last for as long as there is adequate ATP and Ca+ stores. Once the impulse stops the Ca+ is pumped back to the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and the Actin returns to its resting position causing the muscle to lengthen and relax.

Bibliography

Physiology/Functions

A

- Abdominal - stomach

- Biceps - front of upper arms

- Deltoids - top of shoulders

- Erector Spinae - low back

- Gastronemius & Soleus - back of lower leg

- Gluteus - buttocks

- Hamstrings - back of thighs

- Obliques - side of body

- Pectoralis - front of upper chest

- Quadriceps - front of thigh

- Trepezius - large muscle in upper and mid back

- Triceps - back of upper arm

The Muscular system serves three major functions in the body, producing motion, providing stabilization, and generating heat. The essential function is contraction and shortening. The three main muscle types are Visceral muscle, Cardiac muscle, and Skeletal muscle. Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the intestines, stomach, and blood vessels. This is the weakest of all muscle. It makes organs contract to move substances through the organs. It is known as an involuntary muscle. It is also a smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It is responsible for pumping blood. It is known as an involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle is considered to be arrhythmic or intrinsically controlled. The cells of cardiac muscle tissue are striated. Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle tissue in the body. Every physical action that a person consciously does requires skeletal muscle. The function of skeletal muscle is to contract to move parts of the body closer to the bone that the muscle is attached to. Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones across a joint. So the muscle serves to move parts of those bones closer to each other. Skeletal muscle cells form when many smaller progenitor cells lump themselves together to form long, straight, multi-nucleated fibers. The cells are also striated.

1. "Integumentary System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

2. "Integumentary System and Skin Layers." About.com Education. N.p., 10 Aug. 2016. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

3."Hair Physiology." Hair Transplant Clinic Ireland. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

4. Phone, By. "Hair Anatomy & Physiology." Hair Anatomy & Physiology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

5. Brannon, MD By Heather. "Nail Anatomy 101: How They're Made & How They Grow." Verywell. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept.

A.https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi1u6uxvK7PAhWMNSYKHZKBC-wQjhwIBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fpic-142194031%2Fstock-vector-easy-to-edit-vector-illustration-of-human-hair-anatomy.html&bvm=bv.133700528,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNHq_f-lKBUk8uvVtjMPExI3z6cAGQ&ust=1475026804758370

B.https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjc_OPUu67PAhXCSiYKHRVKATgQjhwIBQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNail_(anatomy)&bvm=bv.133700528,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNErUd_RYhUUf7H7LLNVVev4WVnytw&ust=1475028512629504

C.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi2gJyTva7PAhWEQCYKHa95BOUQFggjMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fskin-problems-and-treatments%2Fpicture-of-the-skin&usg=AFQjCNEU89w7p1kRTwZ2i72xk9KdnBJjXw&sig2=tUptK0VZV_xitkDd7usRGQ&bvm=bv.133700528,d.eWE

Skeletal Muscle

Bibliography

Six functions of Skeletal muscle:

-Produce skeletal movement - voluntary

-Maintain posture and body position

-Support soft tissues

-Guard entrances and exits

-Maintain body temperature

-Store nutrient reserves

Skeletal muscle contractions:

-Isometric contraction- muscle does not shorten during contraction and does not require the sliding of myofibrils but muscles are stiff.

- Isotonic contraction- inertia is used to move or work. More energy is used by the muscle and contraction lasts longer than isometric contraction. Isotonic muscle contraction is divided into two categories: concentric, where the muscle fivers shorten as the muscle contracts, and eccentric, where the muscle fibers lengthen as they contact.

- twitch- exciting the nerve to a muscle or by passing electrical stimulus through the muscle itself. Some fibers contract quickly while others contract slowly.

- tonic- maintaining postural tone against the force of gravity.

- Actin filaments are responsible for many types of cell movements. Myosin is the prototype of a molecular motor, generating force and movement.

Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle:

Sarcolemma - plasma membrane of muscle cell

Myofibril - complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments that overlap; muscle fibers are made of bundles of myofibrils.

Skeletal muscles have three layers of connective tissues: Epimysium, Perimysium, and Endomysium.

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones on each end by tendons. The origin is the fixed attachment, while the insertion moves with contraction. The action, or particular movement of a muscle, can be described relative to the joint or the body part moved.

"Muscular System." Innerbody. N.p.,

n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

Pictures:

-"http://www.clinicme.com/p/human-body.html"

-"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/muscleSlidingFilament.html"

-"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"

-"http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap09/lecture1.html"

-"http://www.fitnesshealth101.com/fitness/weight-training/beginners"