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Peace Movements- 1960's to 1970's

Sources

Goals

Politics and the Antiwar Movement- http://library.thinkquest.org/27942/war.htm

The Antiwar Movement- http://www.ushistory.org/us/55d.asp

The Free Speech Movement- http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/themed_collections/subtopic6b.html

National Guard at Kent State

Police removing students at UC Berkeley during the Free Speech Movement Protests

Tactics and Strategies

There were two main goals during Peace Movements in the 1960's and 1970's: Civil Rights and Anti-war. People across the country were fighting for equal treatment of African Americans and were also fighting for the end of the Vietnam War; a war that people didn't believe we should be involved with. The public was doing everything that they could to get the US administration's attention (old and young). People were willing to risk their safety to get the young boys home from Vietnam and achieve equal rights for all, regardless of color. College students ban together during this time.

The Free Speech Movement started by trying to raise money and set up booths across their campus. These could be considered peaceful protests. Then students occupied buildings hoping to prove a point. Other schools across the country like Kent State used protesting as a tactic, they would rally students together after decisions the government made like the Cambodian Campaign. A lot of these protests turned violent once police arrived.

Stages

Historical Background

Students surrounding a police car during FSM- Mario Savio speaking

Stage 1: Many people were frustrated with civil rights laws and the Vietnam War was a newer subject in the US. People were frustrated that the US government was sending young boys to war, and the majority of them were in the lower class and a minority because they could not use college as a way to get out if drafted.

Stage 2: This is the main stage in both the Free Speech Movement and UC Berkeley and the protests and riots at Kent State. The Doves and the Hawks are 2 groups that have been established at this point in time. There is no concrete plans, the protests and gatherings were mainly carried by word of mouth.

These two movements never really made it past this point, authorities broke it up before it could get and more serious. There was never any real formality in the anti-war acts, but as we well know there was a formal organization of the civil rights movement (I'm not focusing on that aspect thought).

Goals

In the 1960's and 1970's the war in Vietnam had become a huge controversy, splitting the country into 2 sides: the Hawks and the Doves. The Hawks supported the ongoing war in Vietnam, while the Doves were antiwar. The war in Vietnam required the draft to be used, but the troops mostly consisted of college students. And 80% of the troops came from the lower class (the majority of these men were latinos and African American's). This was also the first time that a war was broadcasting on television. Allowing Americans to watch the events unfold. The majority of people no longer supported "our boys in Vietnam". The war in Vietnam fulled events like the Kent State shooting and the FSM at UC Berkeley.

Leadership

The Hawks goal was to support the troops as the fought for the government, but that Doves goal was to show the government that they did not support the Vietnam war. They did this through protests, maily at college campuses like Kent State and UC Berkeley. They were willing to go to any measure to show the president and his administration that they wanted the war to end. The Freedom Speech Movement original goal was to fight for civil rights, and then became more active as the Vietnam War progressed. They wanted to make sure that they were not unlawfully controlled by their school administration.

At the Free Speech Movement Mario Savio is one of the larger leaders. He led the protests at many events; including the time they surrounded a police car for 36 hours. Jackie Goldberg, Brian Turner, and Micheal Rossman are just a few of the many student leaders.

There are no declared leaders at Kent State, but the school president, the mayor, and the national guard were leaders for the side against the students.

Famous photo from the Kent State University Shooting- 14 year old runaway over the body of Jeffery Miller.

UC Berkeley Students Occupying the schools buildings

Kent State Riots

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