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Examples

Communicative process

Skopos theory

Five Quality Rules

Hans J. Vermeer (1970s)

Translatorial

Action

What is Skopos?

  • Skopos: "aim or purpose"
  • General translation theory for all texts.

Examples

Justa Holz-Mänttäri (1984)

Features:

“[It] is not about translating words, sentences or texts but is in every case about guiding the intended co-operation over cultural barriers enabling functionally oriented communication.”

  • shift from ST to TT
  • role of translator
  • different ways of translation

These are some dishes

I have prepared for you.

Please help yourself.

Criticism

*The wisdom of the masses exceeds

that of the wisest individual

*Two heads are better than one.

The nature of the TT :

Positives:

  • More attention to the role of clients
  • Give clear instruction prior to translation
  • Same text can be translated in different ways

Translatorial action:

translate

rewrite

give advices

negotiate

proofread

project management

Negatives:

  • depending on commission
  • override equivalence
  • Translatorial action

Introduction

  • Only valid for non-literary texts
  • Translatum is useless
  • Pay less attention to linguistic and stylistic level
  • No clear commission
  • Clients do not understand the needs of the TL audience

Criticism

Positives:

  • practical issues
  • target audience
  • sociocultural context
  • link the professional world with the theories

 

Negatives:

  • challenge the traditional equivalent-based translation
  • challenge the need of linguistic training of translators
  • weaken the relationship between ST and TT
  • fail to consider cultural differences detailedly

  • 1970s and 1980s
  • functionalist and communicative approach to translation analysis

Translation Brief

  • the intended text functions
  • the addressees
  • the time and place of text reception
  • the medium
  • the motive

Functional

Theories

Translation Oriented Text Analysis

Reiss's

Text Type

Nord's

Text analysis

Christiane Nord (1988/2005)

Text Type

Translation products

  • Documentary 'exoticizing translation' (Nord: 2005:80)

Katharina Reiss (1970)

Vermeer's

Skopos Theory

Mänttäri's

Translatorial action

ST Analysis

Karl Bühler (1879-1963) text functions:

Informative Expressive Appellative

  • Instrumental translation 'function-preserving translation' (ibid)

Operative Text

Informative Text

Expressive Text

Audio-medial

  • Subject matter
  • Content
  • Presuppositions
  • Composition
  • Non-verbal elements
  • Lexis
  • Sentence structure
  • Suprasegmental features

Dimension:

Dimension:

Dialogic

Dimension:

Logical

Aesthetic

Focus:

Focus:

Content

Focus:

Form - Sender

Appellative receiver

Method:

Adaptive

Method:

'Plain Prose'

Method:

ST oriented

Method: Supplementary

Hybrid Type

Informative

Expressive

Operative

Functional Hierarchy

  • Functional type
  • Translation commission
  • Translation type
  • Text problems tackled at lower linguistic level

Instruction Criteria

Reiss (1971/2000)

Linguistic components:

  • semantic equivalence
  • lexical equivalence
  • grammatical equivalence

Non-linguistic determinants:

Functional Theories

  • receiver
  • sender
  • 'affective implications'
  • situation
  • subject field
  • time
  • place

Criticism

TT function may differ from ST

  • Why there should be only 3 text types?
  • Why should one predominant text type prevail?
  • Koller (1979) criticized Reiss's translation method for being general rather than specific.

References:

  • Are the translation methods reversible?
  • Can the operative text stand independently without the informative and expressive text?

Thank You

  • Fawcett, Peter. Translation and language: linguistic theories explained. Manchester, U.K.: St. Jerome (1997)
  • Munday, Jeremy. Introducing translation studies: theories and applications. London: Routledge (2001)
  • Pym, Anthony. Exploring Translation Theories. London : Routledge (2010)
  • Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation studies reader. Second ed. USA and Canada: Routledge (2004)

Jing Chen

Sarah Abu Risheh

Shun Yin Choi

Xiuping Xue

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