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Timeline of the Periodic Table

1

Our presentation is entitled Timeline of the Periodic table.

In our timeline, we seek to show the interaction of the discovery of elments in the discovery periods along with the important events which led to a deeper understanding of the elements.

Our timeline highlights include:

  • Elements with the person who discovered the element and when
  • The discovery periods
  • The important events leading to today's modern periodic table

We'll first talk about the history of the periodic table.

To recap our presentation, we'll pull back so you

can see the events, elements and time periods in

the timeline.

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5

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During the early 1800s, the Science and

Industrial Revolutions advanced understanding.

And in the 1900s:

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1803--Dalton proposed "Dalton's Law" describing the relationship

between the components in a mixture of gases.

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2

1914--Henry Moseley learned that you could experimentally determine the atomic number of elements. He determined the atomic number of each

of the elements and modified the 'Periodic Law'.

After the discovery of elements in ancient times, the addition of elements to the periodic table over the centuries was accompanied by important events which added to the knowledge and understanding of the nature of matter.

1828--A table of atomic weights with letters to symbolize elements was introduced.

Events before and during

the age of enlightenment

happened before 1800.

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History of the Periodic Table

1828--Dobereiner developed groups of elements

with similar properties.

Important Events

This led to the age of classifying

elements after 1850.

1605--Sir Francis Bacon published a description

of what became known as scientific method.

Today's Periodic Table of Elements

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1864--John Newlands arranged the known elements in order of atomic weights & observed similarities between some elements.

1661--Robert Boyle marked the beginning of the history of modern chemistry when he identified the difference between chemistry

and alchemy and introduced ideas of atoms, molecules,

and chemical reactions.

1864--Meyer developed an early version of the periodic table organized by valance.

1754--Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide, which he called "fixed air."

The periodic table is based on over a century of increased knowledge and understanding about chemical properties.

This understanding was published in the

first actual periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.

Although Mendeleev's findings built on the understandings and discoveries of other scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and Stanislao Cannizzaro, the Russian scientist Mendeleev is usually given credit for developing the periodic table itself.

The periodic table visually shows the periodic law which states that certain properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number. The periodic table arranges elements in vertical columns or groups and horizontal rows or periods to visually represent the commonalities.

1864--Mendeleev produced a table based on atomic weights arranged 'periodically' with elements with similar properties under each other.

1766--Cavendish discovered hydrogen in 1766.

1774--Scientists isolated oxygen in 1774.

1865--John Newlands classified the 56 elements into 11 groups with similar physical properties.

1778--Antoine Lavoisier wrote the first extensive list of elements containing 33 elements & distinguished between metals

and non-metals.

1894--William Ramsay

discovered the Noble Gases.

Time of the Alchemists - 1 A.D. to 1735

Arsenic (Magnus ~1250)

Antimony (17th century or earlier)

Phosphorus (Brand 1669)

Zinc (13th Century India)

Cobalt (Brandt ~1735)

Platinum (Ulloa 1735)

Nickel (Cronstedt 1751)

Bismuth (Geoffroy 1753)

Hydrogen (Cavendish 1766)

Nitrogen (Rutherford 1772)

Oxygen (Priestley; Scheele 1774)

Chlorine (Scheele 1774)

Manganese (Gahn, Scheele, & Bergman 1774)

Molybdenum (Scheele 1778)

Tungsten (J. and F. d'Elhuyar 1783)

Tellurium (von Reichenstein 1782)

Titanium (Gregor 1791)

Yttrium (Gadolin 1794)

Chromium (Vauquelin 1797)

Beryllium (Vauquelin 1798 )

Uranium (Peligot 1841)

Strontium (Davey 1808)

Vanadium (del Rio 1801)

Niobium (Hatchett 1801)

Tantalum (Ekeberg 1802)

Cerium (Berzelius & Hisinger; Klaproth 1803)

Palladium (Wollaston 1803)

Rhodium (Wollaston 1803-1804)

Osmium (Tennant 1803)

Iridium (Tennant 1803) Sodium (Davy 1807)

Potassium (Davy 1807)

Barium (Davy 1808)

Calcium (Davy 1808)

Magnesium (Black 1775; Davy 1808)

Boron (Davy; Gay-Lussac & Thenard 1808)

Iodine (Courtois

Lithium (Arfvedson 1817)

Cadmium (Stromeyer 1817)

Selenium (Berzelius 1817)

Silicon (Berzelius 1824)

Zirconium (Klaproth 1789; Berzelius 1824

Aluminum (Wohler 1827)

Bromine (Balard 1826)

Thorium (Berzelius 1828)

1835 to 1845

Lanthanum (Mosander 1839)

Terbium (Mosander 1843)

Erbium (Mosander 1842 or 1843)

Ruthenium (Klaus 1844)

Cesium (Bunsen & Kirchoff 1860)

Rubidium (Bunsen & Kirchoff 1861)

Thallium (Crookes 1861)

Indium (Riech & Richter 1863)

Fluorine (Moissan 1866)

Gallium (Boisbaudran 1875)

Ytterbium (Marignac 1878)

Samarium (Boisbaudran 1879)

Scandium (Nilson 1878)

Holmium (Delafontaine 1878)

Thulium (Cleve 1879)

Praseodymium (von Weisbach 1885)

Neodymium (von Weisbach 1885)

Gadolinium (Marignac 1880)

Dysprosium (Boisbaudran 1886)

Germanium (Winkler 1886)

Argon (Rayleigh & Ramsay 1894)

Helium (Janssen 1868; Ramsay 1895)

Europium (Boisbaudran 1890; Demarcay 1901)

Krypton (Ramsay & Travers 1898)

Neon (Ramsay & Travers 1898)

Xenon (Ramsay & Travers 1898)

Polonium (Curie 1898)

Radium (P. & M. Curie 1898)

Actinium (Debierne 1899)

Radon (Dorn 1900)

Lutetium (Urbain 1907)

Hafnium (Coster & von Hevesy 1923)

Protactinium (Fajans & Gohring 1913; Hahn & Meitner 1917)

Rhenium (Noddack, Berg, & Tacke 1925)

Technetium (Perrier & Segre 1937 )

Francium (Perey 1939)

Astatine (Corson et al 1940)

Neptunium (McMillan & Abelson 1940)

Plutonium (Seaborg et al. 1940)

Curium (Seaborg et al. 1944)

Promethium (Marinsky et al. 1945)

Berkelium (Seaborg et al. 1949)

Americium (Seaborg et al. 1944)

Mendelevium (Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg 1955)

Fermium (Ghiorso et al. 1952)

Einsteinium (Ghiorso et al. 1952)

Californium (Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg: 1950)

Nobelium (Ghiorso, Sikkeland, Walton, and Seaborg 1958)

Lawrencium (Ghiorso et al. 1961)

Rutherfordium (L Berkeley Lab, USA - Dubna Lab, Russia 1964)

Dubnium (L Berkeley Lab, USA - Dubna Lab, Russia 1967)

Seaborgium (L Berkeley Lab, USA - Dubna Lab, Russia 1974)

Bohrium (Dubna Russia 1975)

Meitnerium (Armbruster, Munzenber et al. 1982)

Hassium (Armbruster, Munzenber et al. 1984)

Ununnilium (Hofmann, Ninov, et al. GSI-Germany 1994)

Ununumium (Hofmann, Ninov et al. GSI-Germany 1994)

Ununbium (Hofmann, Ninov et al. GSI-Germany 1996)

An important difference between Mendeleev's periodic table and today's periodic table is that the modern table is organized by increasing atomic number, not increasing atomic weight. The table changed after Henry Moseley learned in 1914 that atomic numbers of elements could be determined experimentally. Before that, atomic numbers were just the order of elements based on increasing atomic weight. The period table was reorganized to recognize the significance of the atomic numbers.

Elements

Ancient Times 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Present

Description of

Time Periods

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Ancient Times

Time of Alchemists

1 AD to 1735

Before 1800

Discoveries before and during

the age of enlightenment

1800-1849

Science and Industrial Revolutions

1850-1899

Age of classifying elements

1900-1949

Development of old quantum theory

and quantum mechanics

1950-1999

Post-atomic bomb era

2000-present

Recent synthesis

The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The discoveries can be categorized in discovery periods.

  • Before 1800-- discoveries made during and before the age of enlightenment
  • 1800-1849-- the scientific and industrial revolutions
  • 1850-1899--the age of classifying elements
  • 1900-1949-- the development of old quantum theory and quantum mechanics
  • 1950-1999-- the post atomic bomb era
  • 2000-present-- the recent synthesis

The earliest knowledge of elements can be identified in ancient times.

Elemental Ideas from Ancient Times

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440 BC- Idea of the atom

The idea of the atom, an indivisible particle

that all matter is made of is introduced

360 B-C Elements term

Plato coins the term 'elements'

Some elements are found in nature. People have known about many of these chemical elements since ancient times. Elements like gold, silver and copper are easy to mine with primitive tools.

The idea that there was a limited number of elements from which everything was composed came from Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle proposed the theory that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more of the "roots" which Plato coined with the term 'elements.' Aristotle proposed that the four elements from which everything is made were earth, water, air and fire.

Although Aristotle and Plato introduced the concept of 'element,' their ideas did not add to the knowledge or understanding of the nature of matter.

330 BC-Four Element Theory

Aristotle proposes the four element theory:

earth, air, fire & water

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