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Three-Fifths Compromise
Anti-Federalists
* decision that stated slaves would count as three-fifths of a
person when apportioning votes (counted toward a state's
number of electoral votes)
* argued Constitution would threaten citizens' personal liberties
* believed Constitution would effectively make president a king
Constitutional Convention
Establishing Executive Authority
Great Compromise
(Connecticut Compromise)
* met in Philadelphia (1787)
* delegates were divided regarding views/responsibilities of
federal government
---many viewed A.O.C. as weak/ineffective
---some believed a new form of government would infringe on
states' rights
* no executive authority under A.O.C.
* Constitution created office of the president (not absolute)
---presidents can enforce laws & "check" power of Congress
---veto power (Congress can override with two-thirds vote)
* eventually implemented making the legislature bicameral (two
houses)
Senate
(equal representation)
House of Representatives
(based on population)
Virginia Plan / New Jersey Plan
*** Supreme Court was created by Framers to arbitrate disputes between Congress and the president
* A central theme at the convention was how to structure the
federal legislature.
---large states proposed Virginia Plan (suggested legislative
membership be determined by population)
---small states promoted New Jersey Plan (each state would
have equal representation)
Federalists
* Constitution had to be ratified by 9 of the 13 states to go into effect
Federalists = supported new Constitution as presented by the Constitutional Convention in 1787
* Federalists like Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay devised The Federalist Papers (designed to persuade states to support strong central government with autonomous power retained to states)
Evolution of the Constitution
* contains "necessary and proper clause" of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8) which gives Congress power to "make all laws" that appear appropriate <also called "elastic clause">
Examples:
---creation of Federal Reserve System
---president's cabinet
---US District Courts/Courts of Appeals
* Presidents can issue executive orders (bypassing Congress in policy making).
---executive orders not mention in Constitution
> can make agreements with other foreign
leaders
> FDR exercised executive order for Japanese
internment camps during WWII.
* Supreme Court gave itself increased power through Marbury v. Madison (1803)
---gave itself power to overturn laws passed by Congress (judicial review)