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Consequentialism

also called Utilitarianism

Deontology

FOCUS: the OUTCOMES of the ACTION

Consequentialism

  • The most important principle of morality is to achieve the most happiness for the most people.

  • Everyone's happiness is counted equally, so there is sometimes a trade-off or sacrifice involved.

Ethics of Care

FOCUS: the ACTION and INTENTION

  • An act is right or wrong based on its RESULTS or CONSEQUENCES.

  • We should aim to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

  • Decisions involve figuring out what will lead to the most pleasure and the least pain.

FOCUS: HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS and POWER

Deontology

  • Every person deserves dignity and respect.

  • You should never treat someone else as a "means to an end." You should not use someone else because it violates their dignity.

  • An action is right only if you would wish everyone would do the same. Ask yourself, "What if everybody did that?"
  • A person should be motivated to do the right thing out of a duty to act in good will. You should do the right thing for the right reason.

  • The intentions or motivations of an action are important--even if they don't have a good outcome.

  • If an action is morally wrong, you should not do it, even if it produces a positive outcome.

  • A person should follow absolute moral rules: DO NOT steal; DO NOT cheat; DO NOT lie; DO NOT kill innocent people; DO keep promises; DO help someone in need.

  • To do good is to care for others and to be in relationship with others.

  • Special attention should be given to the needs of the vulnerable, weak or those who don't have power.

Virtue Ethics

FOCUS: the PERSON DOING the ACTION

Ethics of Care

  • Moral obligations come from

personal relationships.

  • An action is right when it responds to the perceived needs of another person.
  • Rather than ask "What should I do?" this theory asks "What kind of person should I be?"

  • Virtue means having moral character.

  • Virtues include: honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, integrity, fairness, patience, loyalty, forgiveness, humility, and self-control.

Virtue Ethics

Justice

  • In order to do the right thing and live a good life, you need the right BALANCE of virtues.

  • Avoid extremes: having too much of a character trait and too little of that character trait.

Justice

Justice as Freedom:

It is JUST for individuals to be free to do what they want as long as they do not harm others.

Justice as Fairness:

It is JUST for individuals to have equality, fairness, and access to goods and services.

FOCUS: RIGHTS and RESPONSIBILITIES

  • Justice = giving people what they morally deserve.

  • Justice involves being free to exercise RIGHTS and being held to certain RESPONSIBILITIES.

Ethical Theories

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