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Indian Removal Act

Allowed the president to make treaties in which the American Indians in the east traded their lands for new territory in the great plains.

In 1831, the Supreme Court said that the Indians had the right to keep their lands.

Andrew Jackson disagreed, and groups that refused to move

west were met with Military force and tragic results.

The Sac & Fox Indians

of Illinois

After refusing to abandon their land and go on the Trail of Tears to new territory, the US government and tribes fought a 2 year war which resulted in the slaughter of most Indian warriors and the rest were taken away in chains.

"Black Hawk (The leader of the Sac & Fox) is an Indian. He has done nothing for which an Indian ought to be ashamed. He has fought for his countrymen, the squaws [women] and papooses [young children], against white men who came, year after year, to cheat them of and take away their land. You know the cause of our making war. It is known to all white men. They ought to be ashamed of it."

"In one confrontation, panicky settlers killed 2 indians who had come to discuss peace."

Cherokee Removal

"I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew."

— Georgia soldier who participated in the removal

"Cherokees! The President of the United States has sent me, with a powerful army, to cause you, in obedience to the Treaty of 1835, to join that part of your people who are already established in prosperity, on the other side of the Mississippi. . . . The full moon of May is already on the wane, and before another shall have passed away, every Cherokee man, woman and child . . . must be in motion to join their brethren in the far West."

- Gen. Winfield Scott, May 10, 1838

The march began in the summer of 1838. The parties

set out in June. The summer heat and drought conditions caused great suffering from the start to the degree that they postponed the journey until the late fall.

The death march began again in late october. The 850 mile journey west took several months and most did it on foot. Several parties were unable to go foreward for weeks on end. They suffered exposure to unbearable conditions, desease, and starvation. In anyone tried to return to their homelands, they were viciously punished.

A fourth of all those removed died during

the journey, and they had to be buired along

the trail. This gave the families no place to

mourn the lost of their loved ones, their last

memories of them where of pain and sufferage.

After the Trail of Tears in their new land

fights began to break out with the Cherokee.

The younger generation began blaming

their elders for moving to this new undeveloped

land with few resources to compared to

their old homeland.

"Even aged females, apparently nearly ready to drop into the grave, were traveling with heavy burdens attached to the back—on the sometimes frozen ground . . . with no covering for the feet except what nature had given them.”

One woman recalled that “there was much sickness and a great many little children died of whooping cough.”

“They drove us out of doors and did not permit us to take anything with us, not even a . . . change of clothes.”

“were obliged at night to lie down on the naked ground, in the open air, exposed to wind and rain, and herd[ed] together . . . like droves of hogs.” Some Cherokees escaped and fled into the mountains, only to be captured by soldiers and returned to the camps."

The Trail of Tears Debate

Affirmative Action Team

Bibliography

http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears

Learntci.historyalivetextbook.com

The American Nation by James West Davidson

Trail of Tears Journey & Aftermath

Claim

The Trail of Tears was a Genocide because of the violent actions taken by the US Government

The Trail of Tears:

Genocide:

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation

The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American nations in the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The relocated people suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route, and more than ten thousand died before reaching their various destinations.

Indian Removal Policy Background

Andrew Jackson - President of the US during the Indian Removal

"I am sworn to uphold the Constitution as Andy Johnson understands it and interprets it."

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