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The French in Mexico

During the Civil War, Napoleon the third sent French troops to occupy Mexico. The French troops left Mexico after the Civil War because Seward threatened U.S. military action unless the French withdrew.

Military Intervention under Wilson

The Purchase of Alaska

Tampico Incident: Wilson sent U.S. sailors to Tampico and were arrested by Mexican authorities. Wilson in response ordered the U.S. navy to occupy Veracruz.

Pancho Villa and the U.S. Expeditionary Force: Villa led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico. Wilson ordered an expeditionary force to pursue Villa into Mexico, but they failed to capture him.

International Darwinism

Survival of the fittest was not only applied to competition in business, but it was also applied to competition among nations in races for military advantage, colonies, and spheres of influence.

Russia was seeking buyers of the territory of Alaska and Seward convinced Congress to buy the vast territory. The United States later bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867, and it was referred to as "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox".

Causes of the War

William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy

Other Results of the War

Woodrow Wilson and Foreign Affairs

  • Cuban Revolt: Cuban nationalists wanted to remove Spanish colonial rule in 1895 but failed, so Spain sent 100,000 troops to crush the revolt. Civilians were forced into armed camps where thousands died of starvation and disease.
  • Yellow Press: Sensationalistic reporting that headlined crime, disaster, and scandal, which printed exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba.
  • De Lome Letter (1898): Spanish diplomat's letter that was written to the United States criticizing President McKinley.
  • Sinking of the Maine: U.S. battleship Maine was at the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it exploded suddenly killing 260 Americans on board.
  • McKinley's War Message: McKinly offered four reasons to intervene in the Cuban revolution.
  • Teller Amendment: declared US had no intention of taking political contorl of Cuba

Insular Cases: Did the provisions of the United States Constitution apply to whatever territories fell under United States control, including the Philippines and Puerto Rico? Anti-imperialists argued in the affirmative while leading imperialists argued in the negative.

Cuba and the Platt Amendment (1901): Previously, the Teller Amendment to the war resolution of 1898 had guaranteed United States respect for Cuba's sovereignty as an independent nation. Bitterly resented by Cuban nationalists, the Platt Amendment required Cuba to agree to

  • never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence
  • permit the United States to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order
  • allow the United States to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.

The Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Results of War

Seward, Alaska, and the French in Mexico

Rather than let Europeans intervene in Latin America, a blatant violation of the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt declared in December 1904 that the United States would intervene instead, whenever necessary. This policy became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It that meant that the United States would send gunboats to a Latin American country that was delinquent in paying its debts.

Dollar Diplomacy in East Asia and Latin America

The "New Imperialism"

The Spanish-American War

Railroads in China: Taft invested railroads in China securing American participation there.

Intervention in Nicaragua: U.S. intervened in Nicaragua's financial affairs in 1911.

East Asia

Controversy Over the Treaty of Peace

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy

Russo-Japanese War: Imperialists rivalry between Russia and Japan led to war in 1904, a war Japan was winning.

"Gentlemen's Agreement": A major cause of friction between Japan and the United States concerned the laws of California, which discriminated against Japanese Americans.

Great White Fleet: To demonstrate United States naval power and other nations, Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908): An important executive agreement was concluded between the United States and Japan in 1908.

Annexation of Hawaii

Woodrow Wilson limited applying a high moral standard to foreign relations. He wanted the U.S. to respect other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy.

Treaty of Peace signed in Paris provided for

  • recognition of Cuban independence
  • U.S. acquisition of two Spanish islands- Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific
  • U.S. acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment to Spain of $20 million

The Philippine Question controversy took many months longer to resolve than the brief war with Spain. On February 6, 1899, the Treaty of Paris came to vote in Congress. The treaty was approved 57 to 27, just one more vote more than the two-thirds majority required by the Constitution for ratification.

President Cleveland opposed imperialism and blocked Republican efforts to annex Hawaii. The outbreak of war in the Philippines gave Congress and President McKinley the pretext to complete annexation in July 1898. The Hawaiian islands became a territory of the United States in 1900 and the fiftieth state in the Union in August 1959.

The Lodge Corollary

Henry Cabot Lodge alienated both Latin America and Japan by passing a resolution known as the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It excluded non-European powers from owning territory in Western Hemisphere.

Imperialism

Theodore Roosevelt's Big-Stick Policy

Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and other nations struggled to influence weaker countries in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Ocean, meaning that the Americans were not alone in pursuing imperialism. Missionaries, politicians, naval strategists, and journalists were advocates of American expansion.

Causes of War

American public opinion was pulled by jingoism which is an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. President Cleveland on the other hand, thought that military action abroad was economically unsound and morally wrong. Events such as the Cuban Revolt, Yellow Press, De Lome Letter, Sinking of the Maine, McKinley's War Message, and the Teller Amendment led to demand for war against Spain.

Other Results of the War

Latin America

The Panama Canal

Election of 1900: The Republicans renominated President McKinley, along with war hero and New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt for vice president. The Democrats, as they had in 1896, nominated William Jennings Bryan. With growing national economic prosperity, the electorate gave McKinley a larger margin of victory than in 1896.

Recognition of U.S. Power: The decisive United States victory in the war filled Americans with national pride. Southerners shared in this pride and became more attached to the Union after their bitter experience in the 1860s. France, Great Britain, and other European nations recognized that the United States was a first-class power with a strog navy.

  • Blaine and the Pan-American Conference (1889): Representatives from various nations of the Western Hemisphere decided to create this for international cooperation on trade and other issues.
  • Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine: President Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to settle the boundary dispute between Venezuela and its neighbor Guiana. The British later agreed to U.S. demands because they realized their relations with the U.S. was more important than a boundary dispute.

Revolution in Panama: Roosevelt was eager to begin the construction of a canal through the narrow but rugged terrain of the isthmus of Panama. With the support of the United States Navy, the rebellion succeeded immediately and almost without bloodshed.

Building the Canal: Started in 1904, the Panama Canal was completed in 1914. Most Americans approved of Roosevelt's determination to build the canal, but many were unhappy with his high-handed tactics to secure the Canal Zone. Latin Americans were especially resentful.

Imperialism

Peace Efforts

  • Missionaries: They traveled to Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands believing in their racial superiority, colonized other lands in order to spread Christianity and benefits of their superior civilization.
  • Politicians: Republican politicians recommended the use of foreign affairs search for new markets.
  • Naval Power: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) by U.S Navy Captain Alfred Thyer Mahan, argued that a strong navy was crucial for a country to secure foreign markets and becoming a world power. By 1900, the United States had the third largest navy in the world.

Roosevelt directed U.S. participation at the Second International Peace Conference at the Hague in 1907.

Open Door Policy in China

Fighting the War

Open Door Policy in China

The Philippines: where the first shot of the Spanish-American War was fired in Malibu Bay. Roosevelt ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines. This large group of islands had been under Spanish control ever since the 1500s.

Invasion of Cuba: Largely volunteer force landed in Cuba by the end of June, causing more troublesome than the Philippines. More than 5,000 Americans died of malaria, typhoid, and dysentery while fewer than 500 died in battle.

Without a navy, Spain realized that it could not continue fighting, and in early August 1898 asked for U.S. terms of peace.

Boxer Rebellion (1900): When the nineteenth century ended, nationalism and xemophobia were on the rise in China. The Society of Harmonious Fists, or Boxers, a secret society of Chinese nationalists, attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries in 1900.

Hay's Second Round of Notes: Hay wrote a second note to the imperialistic powers stating United States commitment to

  • preserve China's territorial integrity as well as
  • safeguard "equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire."

BECOMING A WORLD POWER (1898-1917)

By: Andrea Morales & Jaqueline Parra

Mr. John

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