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One example in which Harry demonstrated the James-Lange Theory of Emotion was in the seventh and final book in the series. He is walking alone towards the forest where he knows he has to be killed by Voldemort, in order for the part of Voldemort residing in Harry to be killed, thus killing Voldemort as well. Harry is described as numb with fear, unable to speak, and trembling, with his legs shaking so much as he walked he felt as if they would soon give out. Based on the theory, one would be able to conclude, as would Harry, that due to his current physical reactions and condition, he was able to deduce that he was extremely terrified.

Character: Harry Potter

Citations

Harry Potter

Schachter Two Factor Theory

Aislinn

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/rabideau.html

AlleyDog.com - psychology students' best friend. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alleydog.com/

Chapter 7: Section 3: Emotion. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://allpsych.com/psychology101/emotion/

Here's how... (n.d.). Retrieved from http://changingminds.org/

Know more. Live brighter. (2019, February 08). Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/

The Psychology Notes Headquarter. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/

Based on my prior experiences and reactions to situations, I am not able to apply this theory to myself, as I believe the Cannon-Bard Theory and James-Lange Theory apply more to me and how I interpret emotions, since I tend to either experience all of the reactions simultaneously or I notice the physiological changes and interpret them after

Cannon-Bard Theory

While waiting for his turn in the first task of the Triwizard Tournament, Harry became shaky, his heart was racing, and he felt almost sick to his stomach. These reactions were in occurring at the same time as his increasing fear about what was to come in the task, of which he knew very little but knew that it would be extremely dangerous.

  • Created by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
  • Also known as the Two Factor Theory of Emotion
  • States that physical arousal plays an important part in emotions, although it proposes that this arrousal is the same for a whole variety of emotions.
  • It also states that human emotions have 2 factors: physical arousal and a cognitive label
  • Also referred to as the Thalamic Theory of Emotion
  • This was developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, and it states that individuals feel emotions and experience physiological reactions, like sweating, trembling, and muscle tension all at once.

Aislinn

Harry Potter

This theory comes into play in my life sometimes when I drive somewhere alone, such as a store, park my car, and then begin walking towards my actual destination. Sometimes when alone, especially at night, I begin to get nervous when others walk behind me, even if it’s a good distance behind me, because I become paranoid and worry that they’re trying to come after me. On the way back out to my car, I often worry about being followed again, and I rush to my car out of fear.

In the fifth book, Harry and his friends believe themselves to be alone in the Ministry of Magic until they hear a Death Eater appear behind them and tell Harry to hand over the prophecy he had just picked up. Harry’s heart rate increased and he had the sensation of his stomach dropping. This led him to realize that these reactions were in response to fear, thus leading him to realize he was now frightened of what was to come.

Harry Potter

Harry exhibits signs of having a High Optimum Level of Activity throughout the series. This is due to the fact that he is often pretty restless when not extremely busy all of the time, and he tends to seek out and be brought into high stress situations constantly, which he deals with very well, indicating that he is used to this type of High Optimum Level activity.

Arousal Theory

Aislinn

I believe I have a Moderate Optimum Level of Activity. The excitement is manifested in the fact that I typically have various activities to partake in consistently throughout the year, although some are bigger than others, thus offering more excitement. Different bigger racing events for rowing as well as bigger dance competitions and the travel opportunities that accompany them offer stressful, yet exciting experiences. Similarly, different family vacations offer excitement as well, as I get to see new places and try new things.

  • Suggests that individuals are driven to perform certain actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal.
  • If our levels drop too low, we might end up seeking stimulation.

Extrinsic Motivation

  • When one is motivated to perform a certain activity in order to earn a reward or to avoid a punishment.
  • This type of motivation is typically when you engage in a specific behavior because you want to get something out of it or avoid something unpleasant, not because you enjoy it.

AP Psychology Motivation Project

Harry Potter

There were quite a number of instances throughout the series where Harry exhibited signs of extrinsic motivation. One example was when he was motivated to do well on his exams his 5th year so as to potentially have a chance at his top career choice. He didn’t want to take the exams, and he wasn’t interested in most of his classes, but he knew he would only have a shot at the career if he obtained specific grades on the exams, so his goals of becoming an Auror and excelling on the tests motivated him to study harder.

Aislinn

Before being “terminated,” I worked as a lifeguard at the YMCA, not because I enjoyed the job or because I would be extremely excited to potentially save someone in a pool, but because I needed money. I have to pay for my own gas and basically everything else other than my basic needs, so I needed a consistent job, so I became a lifeguard. I knew that I would not be able to do anything with my life involving a vehicle unless I got a job, so even though most of the tasks that accompany being a lifeguard really did not appeal to me or excite me, my need for some form of financial support led me to take the job.

Harry Potter

Harry possesses a strong secondary drive to create a family, or a group of people to surround him who resemble a sort of family unit. This is because he has never had a caring family that he can remember, so he works to seek relationships with Sirius and the Weasley's that resemble a family.

Aislinn

I have a pretty strong secondary drive for efficient time management. Ever since I was younger, I have come to learn that with an often busy schedule I have to learn how to properly delegate my time, so I don’t end up struggling and dealing with the effects of consistent procrastination. This secondary drive manifests itself in ways such as completing most of my homework and assignments quite a length of time in advance, so as not to stress myself out near the due date.

Harry Potter

Drive Reduction Theory

First developed by Clark Hull, the theory states that deviations from homeostasis help develop physiological needs. These needs result in psychological drive states which work to direct behavior to meet the need and to bring the system back to homeostasis.

Several instances occur where Harry demonstrates intrinsic motivation. For one, when he is staying at his friend’s house for part of the summer, he, his friend (Ron), and Ron’s brothers are sent outside to “degnome” the garden. Ron and his brothers simply do it because they know refusing to do it well will lead to repercussions from their mother. However, Harry finds he genuinely enjoys doing it and does it because he finds it fun and exciting. Likewise, playing Quidditch offers Harry a lot of joy and he often practices alone or just with Ron simply because he loves it for what the sport is, not just for the glory that comes with winning.

Intrinsic Motivation

  • When one is motivated to perform a certain activity for their own sake and personal rewards, not for any type of external rewards.

  • Intrinsic Motivation is far stronger of a motivator than extrinsic motivation

Aislinn

Sometimes, I tend to display intrinsic motivation through my enthusiasm and passion for rowing. While I obviously work hard to improve upon myself and help my team go faster, I also love it and enjoy it so much that it doesn’t seem like anything is being sacrificed and it is one of my favorite things to do in life. Over the summer, I do camps and workout by myself at home, not for any extrinsic motivation factors, but simply because I love it a lot, thus showing intrinsic motivation.

By Aislinn O'Brien

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Aislinn

The week leading up to a big race, piece, competition, or test (such as a standardized test), I often have constant “butterflies” in my stomach when I think about the upcoming event, even if it’s just on my mind for a second. Then, on the day of the event, I tend to be a bit shaky, quiet, or sometimes I get annoyed with my family when they talk to me about anything, and the butterflies in my stomach are there the whole time. Based off the James-Lange Theory and my physical reactions in these situations, I am typically able to conclude that I am stressed, nervous, and anxious about the event that is approaching.

Aislinn

  • Proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange

  • States that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.

  • Also states that emotion is the equal to the range of physiological arousal that is caused by external events

Achievement Motivation manifests itself quite a lot in my life through the sports I play. For dance, and even more so for rowing, realistic yet challenging goals are constantly set both for me individually and for the team. I receive quite a lot of feedback at times while at practice, both from the coxswain and coaches, which enable me to continue working and improving upon myself and my scores/times. I constantly feel the need to set different goals and standards for myself each day at practice and at races and competitions, and I strive to reach them as best I can. I tend to be motivated to reach goals I’ve set because, not only does it show I am improving and my work is paying off, but the feeling of excitement and accomplishment that accompanies it is truly a unique feeling and helps to motivate me to do my best and potentially be successful at what I’m doing.

Harry Potter

Achievement Motivation

When first selected to be apart of his House’s Quidditch team, Harry had goals that included winning games. His position in the sport also constantly gave him the goal of catching the snitch to reward their team with more points and to end the game. His team captain constantly gave him feedback that would help Harry work harder and improve, and his drive to win often led him to feeling a sense of accomplishment when they’d win important games and celebrate Harry’s success back in their common room.

  • The need for success or excellence
  • It can be defined as one’s need to meet different realistic goals, receive feedback, and to also experience a sense of accomplishment.

Harry Potter

Harry’s physiological needs are met more so while at Hogwarts than they are over the summer with the Dursleys, because the Dursleys badly mistreat Harry His security needs are typically met, except sometimes his safety is at risk, particularly at the end of the school year when he often encounters Voldemort and narrowly escapes death. His belongingness and love needs are met at Hogwarts, because he does have close friends that he trusts and who support and help him through every situation. Harry’s esteem needs are met at times when he successfully masters a difficult spell, defeats a powerful wizard, or escapes from a dangerous situation practically unscathed. However, sometimes he feels discouraged and frustrated with the fact that he’s the “chosen one” who goes through so many difficult times, and often being the center of attention for the wrong reasons hurts his esteem. Lastly, his self-actualization is achieved after he finally defeats Voldemort, ends up getting married and having kids of his own, feeling as if he has accomplished all he could hope for in life.

Aislinn

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Harry Potter

Although I typically do not get incentives in the form of anything tangible, this theory manifests itself in the fact I often strive to do better with my activities if I know I could make someone I’m close to proud and happy with me, as opposed to disappointed in me. For example, when it comes to rowing I tend to be more motivated to work extremely hard if I know that it will make my parents and coaches proud, rather than simply working hard for my own benefit. I also often work hard in order to achieve certain goals. For example, after being deferred at Princeton and Georgetown, I spent the whole semester working as hard I could academically so that I could potentially have a better shot at not getting rejected.

  • Theory proposed by Abraham Maslow, in which he proposed that health humans have a certain number of needs, and that these needs are arranged in a hierarchy:

Aislinn

There are many ways throughout the series in which Harry acts a certain way because of incentives, even if he might not have been consciously aware. For example, he works alongside his team during the school year to win the Quidditch Cup, which helps out the winning house tremendously at the end of the year with the House Cup. The House that has the most points at the end of the year wins the House Cup, along with a big feast, so it provides an incentive for Harry and his teammates to do well. Similarly, Harry tries to avoid any negative encounters with Snape, as Snape often takes points from Gryffindor for any small thing Harry says to him.

  • Self actualization- achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities
  • Esteem needs- prestige and feeling of accomplishment
  • Belongingness and love needs- intimate relationships, friends
  • Safety needs- security, safety
  • Physiological needs- food, water, warmth, rest

Most of my lower level needs, such as physiological and safety needs, have been met my whole life, as I have been fortunate enough to constantly have food, water, and safety, among other things. I believe I have started fulfilling the higher level needs, although they have yet to be entirely achieved. The feeling, or level, of Belongingness has been manifested in ways through the various groups of friends I associate myself with, such as my dance friends, crew friends, and other school friends, all of whom surround me with constant positivity, joy, and compassion. My Esteem needs have started to be met, although not completely fulfilled. This is manifested through my realization that I’m not terrible at rowing and combined with that and my academics, I can take my passions to the next level, thus advancing to the higher levels of needs, specifically Self-Actualization, with which I don’t feel I have achieved yet.

Incentive Theory

  • Suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives
  • Our actions are often inspired by a desire to gain outside reinforcement
  • People are pulled toward behaviors that lead to rewards and pushed away from actions that might lead to negative consequences

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