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MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

LANG-AY FESTIVAL

Wind Instruments

The Igorot wind instruments are not as numerous as the percussion instruments. These are played for entertainment, for courting and for dancing.

Abistong/Aberraw/Abillaw/Afillaw

There are two types of abistong: of bamboo and another of bronze. The old folks preferred the bronze because it is more durable. It is played by placing the mid-part of the instrument between the lips while holding the wider end with the left hand and plucking the pointed end with the thumb or forefinger as the player blows, inhales or exhales with his mouth. This is played all over the Cordillera. Mountain Province, particularly in Barlig, has another version of the bronze abistong. A string is attached to the bronze abistong. After placing the instrument between the mouth, the player inhales and exhales through it while pulling the string every now and then to produce music.

Lang-ay festival also known as "Amamong" (gathering) is a weeklong celebration of the “Foundation Day Anniversary” of the mountain province, “showcasing the richcultural heritage of the people” where all ten municipalities (Bontoc, Sagada, Natonin, Sadanga, Paracelis, etc. ) Participate in promoting their culture.

Weeks before the opening the each of the municipalities would prepare for the street parade, and certain events would be take place in the center “Bontoc”. In the year 2010 there held a free surgical mission in (BGH) Bontoc General Hospital. The festival is opened by a civic parade that rounds the Bontoc commercial area and ends at the provincial plaza. And also the (AITT) Agro-industialtrade and technology fair would be opened in the same day.

The street dancing ad street parade would be held not long after the opening of the festival.

• Kallaleng

This nose flute used to be a constant companion of male Igorots in the past. They played it when they rested after long walks and when they went courting. The player places the end of the bamboo with the small blowing hole against his nostril, where he directs and controls the stream of breath to produce musical sounds. This is done while the fingers of the thumb. Manipulate the holes on the mid portion of the instrument.

• Tongali

This bamboo flute is similar to the kallaleng, except that it is a mouth flute and it is easier to play this than the kallaleng.

• Diw-as or Didiw-as

This is a panpipe made of five or more bamboo reeds held together by rattan lashings and blown at the open ends. It is played mostly by dancing women singly or in groups. These are played in Abra and Benguet, too.

CLOTHINGS

• Solibao/Salibao/Solibaw/Salibaw

This is a hollow wooden drum whose wider end is covered with animal skin that is secured to it by rattan lashes. In the Cordilleras, only the Kankanaeys of Mountain Province, Benguet and Appayao province use the cylindrical drums. However, the southern Kankanaeys use two drums while the northern Kankanaeys and Itnegs use one.

• Tibeb/Tebeb

This is similar to the solibao but short (about 1 ½ feet long) and wider in diameter. Attached to it is a strap for ease in carrying. It was used by the designated crier to announce important events in the ili (town). It used to provide rhythm as the men queue to the papatayan (sacred place where rituals are done).

ONE TOWN ONE

PRODUCT

MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

• Patpattong

These are five small bamboo pieces of graduated sizes place on the lap of the player to act as the resonator. It is struck with a bamboo stick in each hand. Another resonator used for this, and a better one, is a wooden mortar placed under the lap of the seated performer.

Mountain Province is composed of ten municipalities namely: Barlig Bauko, Besao, Bontoc, Natonin, Paracelis, Sabangan, Sadanga, Sagada, and Tadian. Bontoc is the provincial capital. It is subdivided into ten municipalities with 143 barangays. Bauko has the largest number of barangays, 22, followed by Tadian and Sagada with 19 each, Bontoc (16), Sabangan (15), Besao (14), Barlg (11), Natonin (10), Paracelis (9), and Sadanga (8).

Mt. Province lies in the core of the Cordillera Region where immense size of mountains and drop-dead spots can be seen. It is formerly called as “La Montanosa" by Spanish administrators for its mountainous terrain. It is bounded on the north by Kalinga, on the south by Ifugao on the Southwest by Benguet, on the east by Isabela and on the west by Abra and Ilocos Sur.

MAP OF MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

• Liplipak

This musical instrument is found only in Mountain Province and Ifugao, and maybe made from a bamboo node or banana stalk. It produces a sharp sound when played, and is used by children during mock battles and provides rhythm to their stomping.

• Chonngachong/Dongngadong/Tongngatong

This bamboo instrument comes in five to seven graduated lengths, and is played by the Balangaos and Baliwons of Natonin and Paracelis. It is played by covering and opening the open end of the bamboo with the palm, while hitting it on stone or wood to give a louder sound. The players kneel or sit on it.

• Tabbatab

Another bamboo instrument for accompaniment in walking along the mountain trail is the tabbatab. It is both percussion and stringed because it has two bamboo strings stripped from the bamboo itself, while the middle portion is struck with a bamboo stick. This is found only in Eastern Mountain Province.

Tourist Attraction and points of Interests in the Province

One of the provinces in the Northern Cultural Communities, Mt. Province offers many tourists attractions— cultural, natural and man-made – to thousands of visitors trekking to its environs. Among these attractions are the following:

Dancing is one of the highlights of the lives of Mountain Province people. It is performed for thanksgiving, victory, war, supplication, exorcism, martial reasons, entertainment, parting of ways between young men and women after a wedding, courtship, giving of inheritance, socializing among young folks in the early evening, doing group work, imitating moving creatures, boasting among local heroes of their heroic deeds, and as a sign of respect for old folks who die. In recent years, some of these were performed for competitions, too.

DANCES

Percussion Instruments

Man- made Tourist Attraction

• Papiw/ Abiw/Balingbing

This bamboo musical instrument is played by striking the split ends of the bamboo against the base of the left palm. The hole in the handle produces a change of tune by leaving it open or by covering it with the thumb.

• Takik

This is a stone and iron clicker for the dance of the same name. The trowel is used to strike the stone. This time there are many short iron pieces that can take the place of the trowel.

Clothing and Ornaments

• Gangsa

The most important musical instruments are the gongs. These are called gangsa or gangha, not ganza as used by some writers and establishments in Baguio City. These come in graduated sizes for compact packing and easy handling when travelling or transporting these to other places. Not all people in Mountain Province own a set of gongs because these are expensive. The gongs are made of bronze, brass or cast iron but the bronze ones are the best and are mostly made in the Mankayan area in Benguet.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Everyone still keeps these costumes. Some still use their beads to hold their hair; others keep their beads in the treasure boxes and use commercial hair pins/clips to hold their long hair. Still others keep their hair short or curled.

Other cultural changes are: people have adopted the western attire because it is more convenient, more fashionable, and cheaper. The women use cosmetics and jewelry. Examples of jewelry used by the Bontoc women are commercial earrings, necklaces and bracelets. Only few women wear lufid with wakes and only very few men wear wanes. These wanes and lufid with wakes are usually worn during special occasions.

These changes in relation to clothing and ornaments could be attributed to education, intermarriages, and susceptibility of the Bontoks to change

Traditionally, the Bontoc men wore the wanes (G-string) and hat only, and the Bontoc women wore the lufid (woven wrap-around skirt) with wakes (woven belt) and beads only. They had tattoo marks on their arms and breasts.

Today, the Bontoc men and women still wear the wanes and lufid with wakes, respectively. The men wear the wanes with a shirt and the women wear the lufid and wakes with a blouse. Women adorn their heads with ap-apong (native beads). Both men and women have stopped having tattoo marks.

• Kasay or kalasag

This is the wooden shield used by the Igorots in time of war. It was used with the spear and head axe when men went headhunting and during the begnas as well as rhythmic music with the gong for the rain dance (an-annit). The contemporary Bontoc War Dance called tallifeng employs the kalasag that is brandished and tapped rhythmically at certain times during the dance by the combatant holding the head axe against the other combatant holding the tobay.

a. Rice Terraces- these rice terraces offer a breath- taking view. They are built with stone’s riprap distinct form found in the famed Banawe Rice Terraces and look like stairways to the sky with their golden hue. Good views of these terraces offer the municipalities of Bauko, Besao, Bontoc, Barlig, Natonin and Sagada.

b. Pottery/ Ceramics Industry- Samoki Pottery in Bontoc, and Bila Pottery in Bauko. Items like bowls, jars and charcoal stoves are made from the clay that abounds in these villages. The items are molded with bare hands by villagers after which they are charred and fortified with glaze. The ’linga’ (glaze) is obtained from the sap of pine trees.

Igorots employ musical instruments to enhance cooperative group action, self-fulfillment, leadership, successful achievements, direction, pure enjoyment, and to accompany their dances. They use whatever resources are found in their midst. These musical instruments can be classified into three: percussion, wind and string instruments.

a. Bontoc Village Museum (Bontoc)- a museum founded by Sister Basil and today run by ICm missionaries. It features artifacts and other indigenous items dating back centuries. The Museum is located within the Catholic Sisters Convent and St. Vincent’s Elementary School Compound at Poblacion, Bontoc.

b. Sagada Weaving House (Sagada)- woven products are knapsacks, bags , purses and dress materials.

c. Sabangan Loom Weaving (Sabangan)- Sabangan loom weaving features placemats. Table napkins, table runners and bags.

d. Samoki Weaving House(Samoki, Bontoc)- Samoki weaving is distinct from Sagada weaving and Sabangan loom weaving in the manner materials woven. Typical products are back strap weaving, Samoki tapis, G-strings, belts and blankets.

FESTIVAL EMBLEMS

TOURIST ATTRACTION

SONGS OR CHANTS

Singing is a part of the people’s lives in Mountain Province. They sing as they proud rice, build sturdy stonewalls around their homes in the swiddens and the rice terraces, plant and harvest rice, attend wakes, greet people during weddings and other gatherings, give inheritance to their children during weddings, bid goodbye, offers gifts to newlyweds, court ladies in the ebgan/ebengan/olog (sleeping quarters of young, marriageable ladies) intone prayers during rituals, lull their babies to sleep, do group work or dance.

The songs may be classified into: children’s songs ,love songs, singing games, nonsense songs, song of work, lullabies, swing songs, entertainment songs, songs of greetings spirit songs, frolic songs, festival songs, wedding songs, songs for finding the “it”, songs for wakes, ballads, religious songs( after the coming of Christianity into the province), songs of aspiration, farewell songs and songs while playing the river and fletching water.

Stringed Instruments

• Kolisteng/Kolitteng/Kollitong

This is the more popular of the stringed instruments. It is made from a length of bamboo tube or one internodes of the bigger kind of bamboo. The strings are slit loose from the bamboo itself, and the desired note is produced by using pieces of bamboo or small stones under the ends of the slits. The kolisteng may be made from wood, too, with the use of metal strings. This is the Igorot guitar.

• Labil or Gabil

• The gabil is like the Western violin. At first, only one string was used, but now the makers use two or three because additional strings produce more musical sounds. According to Ms. Elsie S. Padeo (author of the book Mountain Province) only about three old persons in Besao.

1. Municipality of Barlig, Mountain Province – Pasiking

The economic source of Barlig is Agriculture, mainly it is rice cultivation and vegetable growing for household consumption. In the past, hunting and fishing are widely practiced. But now Illegal Logging and Illegal Fishing is prohibited in the area because these resources are scarce. Barlig is one of the main exporters of weaven Rattan or what they call “ Pasiking ”.

2. Municipality of Bauko, Mountain Province - strap weaving

Back strap weaving is an industry which is started long ago in Guinzadan, Bauko, Mountain Province. They use barks of trees then cotton to commercial yarns and threads. The weaving pattern, symbols, and colors emphasize the age, economic status and gender of the wearer as well as the occasion whether it is live or burial. Patterns of weaving are striped, no design, or those with colors depending on the economic status of the wearer. For the colors, the most prominent are red, black, and white with a speck of yellow and green and counting is always in odd numbers.

3. Municipality of Besao, Mountain Province- Rice

Besao is one of the rice producing municipalities with highest yield per hectare. Average production of 21 cavans of 1045 kilograms per hectare.

4. Municipality of Bontoc, Mountain Province – Rice

The main product of the Bontoc is the rice that has two kinds: the Chinacon, which is the superior variety, and the pak-ang. Pottery and weaving on a small scale are done in Samoki and Bontoc Ili. The kalileng (nose flute) and weapons such as the tufay (spear), pinnang (head ax), kipan (knife), and bolo are manufactured in Tocucan.

5. Municipality of Natonin, Mountain Province- Rice

Natonin is basically an agricultural area where farming is the primary source of livelihood. The farmer’s main crop is rice . Other crops of the municipality include corn, vegetables, peanuts, root crops and fruits

6. Municipality of Paracelis, Mountain Province – corn

Paracelis depends on agriculture as its main product is a vast plantation of corn. The town produces other product like vegetables, oranges and timber.

7. Municipality of Sagada, Mountain Province -

Nearly all households have a small piece of land from which they raised rice, corn, vegetables and fruits. The famous of Sagada weaving industry and the operation lodging houses and restaurants have economically uplifted the community.

8. Municipality of Sabangan, Mountain Province – Rice

Sabangan primary agricultural product is the rice which is planted on the terraces carved mountain slopes where irrigation is feasible.

9. Municipality of Tadian, Mountain Province – Banana

Tadian is the gateway to the Ilocos provinces. Tadian play the role as the market place of people and the fast rising of banana supplier of the municipality of Bauko.

NATURAL

d. Agricultural Stone Calendar in Gueday, Besao- it consists of two huge rocks situated side by side with a crevice at the middle. When the rays of the sum hit the crevice, farmers know that the planting season is arrived.

e. Alab Petroglyphs in Alab, Bontoc- a huge rock with bows and arrows and human beings carved in its surface. The carvings of human beings are believed to be images of warriors buried in Ganga Cave at the foot of the mountain where the rocks stands.

f. Pegan God footprints palikut Aso in Bontoc- a large stone with footprints believed to those of Lumauig, the pagan God of the Igorots. A stone resembling that of a sleeping dog is found in the area.

g. Makilo Sphinx in Paracelis- it has similarities with the Egyptian Sphinx

h. Enchanted Eels- found at the Cagubatan lake in Tadian.

a. Hot Spring- the warm sulfuric water that flows from these hot springs is a wondrous relaxant. Villagers believe that, after a hard day’s work, a dip in the hot springs will ease muscle pains caused by fatigue. Hot springs are found in Mornang, Lingoy iBarlign , and in Mainit, Bontoc.

b. Caves / Hanging Coffins - caves found in Sagada, Besao, Bontoc, and Sadanga have hanging coffin’s and century old burial sites. Four of these caves are found in Sagada which is about 19 kilometers west of Bontoc: they are in Mantangkib Cave, the Sugong Cave, Lumuyang Burial Cave and Sumaguing Cave; in Bontoc, the Ganga Cave; the Angoten Cave in Sadanga; and the Liang Burial Cave in Besao.

c. Lakes / Waterfalls- there are a number of lakes and waterfalls in Mt. Province. Among these are Bokong, Latang lakes, the Aguid and Fidelisan Water Spots and the Bumod-ok Waterfalls in Sagada , the Banao lake in Besao and the Gawaan Lake in tadian.

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