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Skeletal Diseases
-A skeletal disease is any medical condition that affects the bones. Here are a few:
Arthritis
Bone Cancer
Leukemia – Rickets – Osteoporosis – Spina Bifida – Spina Curvatures
Cell Division
Mitosis: a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each the same as the present nucleus. This is the method for growth and repair.
Meiosis: a type of sexual cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent. Used in sexual reproduction.
Skin/Integument System
-The Integument system deals with skin and everything on top of it like hair, nails, and sweat glands. It protects the outside of the body. It covers the whole body and is responsible for about 7% of the whole body’s weight. Made up of the Dermis and Epidermis.
Cell Structures
Cell: The smallest structural, functional unit of all living organisms.
Parts of a Cell
-Cell wall/membrane; shapes and supports, controls entry in and out of the cell.
-Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance within the cell
-Endoplasmic Reticulum-surface for chemical activity
-Golgi Body; stores and releases chemicals
-Lysosome: Digestion Center
-Mitochondria: “powerhouse” of cell, converts glucose for energy
-Nucleus: “boss” of the cell; holds chromosomes
-Ribosomes: protein synthesis site
-Vacuole: storehouse for water and dissolved minerals
Reproduction
-The production of offspring
-The female system contains: ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia majora, labia minora
-The male system contains: prostate, urethra, penis, testicles, scrotum
All these organs have a specific job in carrying out sexual reproduction.
The Heart
-A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation
-The heart has 4 chambers; the left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium, and right atrium
-The veins in the heart transport oxygen poor blood to the heart
-The arteries transport oxygen rich blood away from the heart
-The heart is about the size of your own fist
Endocrine System
-This is a system of glands that product endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity.
-Hormones are chemicals related by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism. They journey through the bloodstream.
-The main and master gland is the pituitary. It controls the function of most other endocrine glands.
-Main glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid adrenal, pineal, hypothalamus, and reproductive glands
The Skeletal System
-This is the hard structure of bones and cartilage that provides a frame for the body of a human or animal.
-It supports, protects, and helps with movement of the body. Without your skeleton, the body would collapse. The skeleton protects your internal organs. Bones provide structure for muscles to attach so that our bodies can move.
-Bones are made of compact layer on the outer layer. Spongy bone on the inner layer. In the middle of these two is bond marrow.
Lymphatic System
-The network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissue into the blood
-This system absorbs fats from the digestive system and delivers these nutrients to the cell of the body where they are used
-Lymph is the remaining 10% of the fluid that stays behind in the tissues as a clear to yellowish fluid. It flows in just one direction.
Atom Structure
-Proton: a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge within the nucleus
-Neutron: a subatomic particle with a neutral electric charge within the nucleus
-Electron; a subatomic particle with a negative electric charge outside of the nucleus
Fetal Development
Stages:
-Zygote: the fertilized egg
-Embryo: group of cells that can now be recognized as a human
-Fetus: last period that is the longest that focuses on growth and development and lasts until birth
Nervous System
-The nervous system is the network of fibers and nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body. Nerves are bundles of fibers that use electric charge signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another
-Our bodies contain millions of nerves.
-There are 2 parts of the nervous system: the CNS – central and the PNS-peripheral
Muscles
-Muscles: a band or bundle of fibrous tissues in a human body/animal that has the ability to construct; which produces movement.
Types of muscles: smooth – cardiac – skeletal
Blood Types
There are 4 categories for the blood types: type A, type B, type AB, type O
-Your blood type depends on the types that are present to you from your parents.
-There is a test to take to find out your blood type. 1st, blood is drawn from a vein. Then an elastic band is placed on the arm to put pressure on which causes the vein to swell with blood. The needle is inserted, and the blood is put in a tube. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies. If blood cells stick together, then they can back type and find out what you are.
-Type O is the universal donor.
-Type AB is the universal receiver.
Human Homeostasis: The ability of humans to maintain internal balance and stability.
-The body has a number of organs and functions to help it do this.
-Temperature: Heat is primarily maintained by the liver and muscle contractions. The body’s cool down system is sweat glands and blood vessels
-Osmoregulation: Kidneys help the body regulate osmotic pressure of bodily fluids by removing excess ions from the blood.
-Sugar: The pancrease secretes insulin and glucagons which are essential to regulating blood sugar levels.
-Balance of fluids: ADH and aldosterone are two hormones that are essential to maintain this balance.
Chemical Bonds
-Ionic Bond: bond where one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.
-Covalent Bond: bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule.
-Polar Covalent: Bond in which a pair of electrons is shared in common bet.
Excretory Systems
-Passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous materials from an organism
-The kidneys are the main organ involved here. They filter out wastes from the body.
-The nephrons within the kidneys are what do the filtering. It only saves essential nutrients.
Circulatory System
-The system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymph
-The main organs are the heart, blood vessels, and lungs, the blood.
Digestive System
-This is the system that makes food absorbable into the body
-The organs involved include the: mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. This is the “digestive tract”.
-The pancreas, liver and gallbladder are accessory organs. They have functions that deal with nutrient and energy breakdown.
Organ Systems Involved in Human Homeo…
-The Integumentary, Muscular, and Skeletal systems are involved in maintaining balance.
-The Integumentary system keeps away foreign infections and cools down the body and gets rid of excess heat.
-The Muscular system helps with digestion and breathing.
-The Skeletal system helps posturing and locomotion.
-The Digestive system keeps nutrients within the body.
-The Immune system keeps away foreign substances
-The Endocrine system helps with physical development and metabolism.
-The Circulatory system circulates blood throughout the body.
-The Respiratory system provides oxygen to the circulatory system.
-The Urinary system gets rid of liquid waste.
-The Nervous system controls the organs and glands in the body.
All systems contribute something.
Anatomy vs. Physiology
Anatomy is a branch of science dealing with the bodily structure of humans and animals.
Physiology is a part of biology that focuses on normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
-They are related because they both deal with body parts and focus on internal organs and structures.
-The difference is that Anatomy focuses on structure and Physiology focuses on functions.
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
-Carbohydrates: large group of compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be broken down. Includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums
-Lipick: organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water
-Protein: nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains on amino acids
-Nucleic Acids; complex organic substance present in DNA and RNA whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain
The Brain
-Control center of the body
-Cerebellum; coordinates body movements
-Stores learned body movements
-Spinal cord; receives information from skin and muscles and passes it to the brain and also sends information down
-Brain Stem: an extension of the spinal cord; controls breathing, swallowing, heart rates and blood pressure. Also controls consciousness.
-Cerebral Cortex: the most complex area of the brain. The left side processes information in a logical matter. The right side processes spatial information.
Respiratory System
-This is the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; better known as breathing.
-The respiratory tract consists of the nose, naval cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and the lungs.
Digestive Disorders
- Any medical condition that interferes with the proper digestive processis a digestive disorder.
-A few of them include: Acid Reflux, Peptic Ulcers, Gallstones, Lactose Intolerance, Diverticultis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Celiac Disease, Constipation
-General symptoms of these diseases might be abdominal pain, trouble on the stool, strange waste products, bleeding, and other symptoms are present in specific diseases.
Forensics & Detection
-Scientific tests used in investigation
-Almost any remains can be used to find out about a person or object
-Their teeth can predict age, the bones show gender and facial reconstruction of the skull can give you a more realistic look of the person.