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Betöltés...
Átirat

Deanna Bittern is a Canadian Aboriginal artist. She was born in 1995 and adopted by a non-Aboriginal family. Her struggle with alcoholism from the age of 9 to 19 is what motivated her to start speaking about alcoholism and homelessness.

Substance Use

Substance Abuse

  • Using one or various substances (e.g. drugs or alcohol) without creating health or behavioural concerns that might harm users themselves or anyone else

Initiatives Available for Aboriginal Youth

  • Persistent use in spite of recognizing reoccurring social, occupational, psychological, or physical issues that are resulted from or worsened by continuous use in situations in which it is physically dangerous (WHO, 2014)
  • "Characterized as pattern of recurrent use where at least one of the following occurs: failure to fulfill major roles at work, school, or home, use in physically dangerous situations, recurrent alcohol or drug related problems, and continued use despite social or interpersonal issues caused or intensified by alcohol or drugs" (Statistics Canada, 2013)

Dependency

  • Child and Youth Aboriginal Mental Health Outreach: culturally relevant mental health support for Aboriginal youth and their families who have not been able to engage with or access mental health services
  • Various services offered by First Nations and Non-Government Organizations (e.g. Yuustway Health Services [Squamish Nation])
  • Connecting the Dots (in partnership with Canadian Mental Health Association) - A community based Aboriginal youth and families mental health promotion project that addresses risk and protective factors that influence mental health
  • Occurs when at least 3 of the following happen in the same 12 month time-frame:
  • increased tolerance
  • withdrawal
  • increased consumption
  • failed efforts to quit
  • a lot of time lost recovering or using
  • reduced activity
  • continued use despite constant physical or psychological problems caused or intensified by alcohol or drugs

Question:

Recommendations

  • Support culture and spirituality
  • Advocate for culturally relevant support programs targeted at Aboriginal youth
  • Evaluate prevention efforts that address various risk factors pertaining to Aboriginal youth and substance abuse
  • Incorporate culturally relevant curriculum in schools to encourage development of self-identity -- becomes an issue of the education system

High-risk sexual activities

  • Primary factors for sexual activity among Aboriginal youth are peer pressure and substance abuse (Anderson, 2002)

Why are Aboriginal youth engaging in substance abuse?

Effects on Health

Epidemiology

  • Increased risk for development of chronic diseases
  • Increased risk for depression
  • Increased risk for anxiety
  • Increased risk for mood disorders in adulthood
  • Risk for Aboriginal youth for alcohol-related problem compared to other young people is 2-6 times higher (Here to Help, 2008)
  • Initial use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs tends to happen at younger ages in Aboriginal populations (Here to Help, 2008)

Unplanned pregnancy

Teenage pregnancies occur more often in Aboriginal populations than in the general population and they are often unplanned and associated with unprotected sex and drug and alcohol use (Anderson, 2002).

  • 35% of Aboriginal youth in grades 7-12 had never tried alcohol
  • Females were more likely to have had alcohol in the past 12 months, but were less likely to drink every day of the week compared to males

Outcomes

Statistics

  • According to an Aboriginal youth health survey conducted by McCreary Center Society in 2008:

Violence & Injury

Deanna Bittern

"She" 2013 - by Deanna Bittern

Homelessness

McCreary Centre Society, 2008

  • 45% of youth had used marijuana before

  • 6% of youth tried marijuana before the age of 9
  • There is an association with youth homelessness and self-described substance abuse (Raising the Roof, 2009)

Poem used for caption:

I was brought up in comfort and security.

As I grew older, I came to the streets.

I've never seen the world like this before.

interference with brain development

  • The use of inhalants, hallucinogens, heroin, and steroids and the use of intravenous drugs increased in 2008 in comparison to 2003

McCreary Centre Society, 2008

  • Nearly twice as many Aboriginal youth used prescription pills without a doctor's consent in 2008 compared to 2003

Risk Factors For Substance Abuse

Compared to non-Aboriginal youth, Aboriginal youth are more likely to experience:

  • Memory loss
  • Learning difficulties & poor concentration

Come from a history of forced cultural assimilation through government educational practices and present day exclusion

  • Increased struggles in school and increased high-school drop out rates

Poor interpersonal relationships

Discrimination, decreased self-esteem, and decreased self-confidence

Difficulty identifying with Aboriginal heritage while growing up in a non-Aboriginal society

Socioeconomic factors: Poverty & Unemployment

  • Violence & substance abuse in the family as a coping mechanism
  • Disconnect with culture has been linked to high rates of depression, alcoholism, suicide, and violence, with the greatest affect on youth (Kirmayer, Brass, & Tait, 2000).

References

NURS 3225: Aboriginal Youth & Substance Abuse

Addiction Prevention Center. (n.d.). Substance use, abuse, and dependence. Retrieved from http://www.cqld.ca/livre/en/en/04-druguse.htm

Anderson, K. (2002).Tenuous Connections: Urban Aboriginal Youth Sexual Health & Pregnancy.Toronto, ON: Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres.

Elton-Marshall, T., Leatherdale, S. T., & Burkhalter, R. (2011). Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use among Aboriginal youth living off-reserve: results from the Youth Smoking Survey. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne, 183(8), E480-E486. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101913

Canadian Center on Substance Abuse. (2010). Building on our strengths: Canadian standards for school-based youth substance abuse prevention. Retrieved from http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource%20Library/ccsa-011815-2010.pdf

Chansonneuve, D. (2007). Addictive behaviours among Aboriginal people in Canada. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/addictive-behaviours.pdf

Gfellner, B. M., & Hundleby, J. D. (1991). Family and peer predictors of substance use among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Adolescents. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 11(2), 267-294.

Here to Help. (2008). Aboriginal mental health and substance use. Retrieved from http://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/sites/default/files/images/aboriginal.pdf

Kirmayer, L., Simpson, C., & Cargo, M. (2003). Indigenous Populations Healing traditions: culture, community and mental health promotion with Canadian Aboriginal peoples. Australasian Psychiatry, 11S15. doi:10.1046/j.1038-5282.2003.02010.x

Kirmayer, L. J., Brass, G. M., & Tait, C. L. (2000). The mental health of Aboriginal peoples: transformations of identity and community. Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 45(7), 607-616.

McCreary Center Society. (2008). Raven’s Children III: Aboriginal youth health in BC. Retrieved from http://www.mcs.bc.ca/pdf/Ravens_Children_III.pdf

Museum of Anthropology. (2011). Deanna bittern. Retrieved from http://moa.ubc.ca/claimingspace/?page_id=377

Pearson, C., Janz, T., & Ali, J. (2013). Mental and substance use disorders in Canada. Statistics Canada.

Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2013001/article/11855-eng.pdf

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2011). The health and well-being of Canadian youth and young adults. Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cphorsphc-respcacsp/2011/cphorsphc-respcacsp-06-eng.php

Raising the Roof. (2009). Youth homelessness in Canada: The road to solutions. Retrieved from http://www.raisingtheroof.org/raisingtheroof/media/raisingtheroofmedia/documents/roadtosolutions_fullrept_english.pdf#page=15&zoom=auto,-193,340

Vancouver Coastal Health. (n.d.). Mental health – children & youth. Retrieved from https://www.vch.ca/your_health/health_topics/Mental%20Health%20Services/mental-health-infants-children-youth/

World Health Organization. (2014). Management of substance abuse. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/abuse/en/

by Vivian Ngo

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