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Bibliography

Governmental Theory

Restrictions

The government thought that new sediments will accumulate & bury the contamination, the Environmental Protection Agency thinks this is ideal because:

  • River sediments depositions are unpredictable.
  • Stable sediments doesn't mean PCB won't leak out.
  • High amounts of PCBs are found in sediments from pore water.
  • Pore water movement of PCBs could be slow but when it reaches the surface effects can be harmful.
  • Federal and Provincial government

put more effort into safe handling and

transporting the PCBs.

Environmental Groups

The role of all environmental groups was to stop the contamination in the body's of water. They started to really show interest after the spill in the Hudson River. These groups were:

  • U.S Public Health Service
  • The Journal of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology
  • Department of Environmental Conservation
  • Environmental Protection Agency

"FAQ About PCBs". FAQs About PCBs. "The PCB Story", Canadian Council of Resource & Environmental Ministers, Toronto, Ontario, 1986., 8 Oct. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.

<http://www.gascape.org/index_02/FAQs_About_PCBs.html>.

"History of PCB Contamination". History of PCB Contamination.N.p.,n.d.web.16 Oct.2013

<http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/-scintech/hudson/Disposal history.htm>.

Holford,Theodore R.,Tongzhang Zheng, Susan T.Mayne,Shelia H.Zahm,John D.Tessari and Peter Boyle. "International Journey of Epidemiology".Joints Effects of Nine Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) congeners on Breast Cancer risk.Oxford Universitu Press,16 May 2000.web.16 Oct.2013. <http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/6/975.full?Maxtoshow=>.

U.S.A

Canada

  • Banned the transportation of PCB products into and out of Canada.
  • Stopped manufacturing PCBs
  • U.S. is replacing equipment containing PCBs.
  • Allowed the

use of it but only

in existing

products.

Because of the Hudson River

  • Department of Environmental Conservation did tests to determine the concentration and distribution of PCBs in the water of the upper Hudson River.

  • Environmental Protection Agency chose the lowest 200 miles of the Hudson River to evaluate the problem & design a solution.

Environmental Concerns

  • PCB's chemical stability is what makes it dangerous to the environment.
  • They can be stored and concentrated in the environment.
  • It's easy spreed in the global environment can be dangerous for many organisms including humans.

Possible Toxicity

Fort Edward Dam

Hudson River

Thompson Island Pool

PCB's contaminated the Fort Edward Dam which was south from the Fort Edward plant where General Electric's employs were working on compacitors.

  • 6 hundred thousand pounds of PCB remain in the clay beneath the parking lot of the plant.

A puddle of PCBs in the Fort Edward Dam emptied into the Hudson River. After that event government started testing and searching for a solution. Eventually between Fort Edward and Troy in N.Y. there were 40 hot spots.

  • Hot spots: Location of the river where the concentrations were more than 50ppm.

Located south of the Fort Edward plant. The Thompson Island Pool has the most concentrated pollution of PCBs. This was all caused by the removal of the Fort Edward Dam which led to the downstream movement of PCBs.

  • U.S Public Health Service found cases similar to Chloracne cause by PCB's on the skin of workers that have been in contact with PCB's.

-Chloracne: Combination of

blackheads and pustules.

Similar to adolescent acne.

PCBs Uses

Linked to:

Long Term Exposure

Short Term Exposures

If exposed to PCB's for a short term and with low levels, PCB's did not cause any serious injury's.

Long term exposure can let PCB's enter the body through:

  • Contact with skin
  • Inhaling the vapors
  • Eating food that is contaminated with PCB's or have been exposed to it.

It's been linked to liver damage by "The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology".

PCBs associated to breast cancer but it has not been proven yet.

-Breast tissue from nine women that were alive in 1994 & 1997 were tested.

Their hasn't been any significant evidence yet but it's still being tested. .

In 1977 & 1980 used for hydraulic fluids like:

-Surface coating for carbonless copy paper

-Plansticizers in sealants

-Caulkings -Synthetic resins

-Rubbers -Paints

-Waxes - Asphalts

-A flame retardants in lubricating oils.

The History

Industrial Chemical

An Industrial chemical used by electrical Industry's.

Used for a safer cooling and insulating fluid for industrial transformations and capacitors.

  • Started in 1922 by Monsanto Corporation.

-Monsanto Corporation produced PCB's and licensed others

to do the same.

  • In 1947 General Electrics plants started using PCB for manufacturing of capacitors.
  • In late 1960 there were signs of birds and humans being poisoned by PCBs.

-1200 people were poisoned in Japan by rice oil containing

PCB's

  • In 1972 Scientific proof was found that PCBs were hazardous to the environment & human health.

Monsanto Corporation Knew!

PCB's caused health problems since their beginning. Monsanto Corporations were aware but continued using the product because of great results. In a meeting with the U.S Public Health Service Monsanto Corporations said that they would stop because it was a "miracle chemical that could not be replaced"

The Dangers of PCB's

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