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BIO SENSORS
CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING NANO BIO-SENSORS
Cancer Diagnosis
Who we are
1-KONERU CHAITANYA 1700224C203
2-KURMALA SRI VISHNU 1700227C203
3-A.V.ROHIT ROY 1700190C203
4-J.AKHIL CHOWDARY 1700216C203
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Problem Statement
Cancer is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world,which can be reduced by early detection.Hence, Electrochemical nano biosensors are portable devices which are used for cancer detection bio markers as found an important place in chemical medicine for diagnosis of cancer screening
INTRO
According to WHO reports nearly 9 million people died in 2015 from variety of cancer cases. While death rates sharply increases, the risk of cancer mortality may reduce if the speed of this deadly disease detection improves. The most commonly used conventional tools for cancer detection are based on tissue sampling, imaging (such as
magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, etc.), and so on. But today, the use of biosensors for cancer diagnosis has accelerated diagnostic activities .
Biosensors are one of the important subdivisions of chemical sensors which convert a biological response into a detectable signal
Bio-Sensor?
Bio-sensor
Biosensors are devices used to detect the presence or concentration of a biological analyte, such as a biomolecule, a biological structure or a microorganism. Biosensors consist of three parts: a component that recognizes the analyte and produces a signal, a signal transducer, and a reader device.
Nano-Bio-sensors
Nanobio-sensors
Nanotechnology is having a profound impact on the development of a new class of biosensors known as nanobiosensors.. Nanobiosensors are being widely used for molecular detection of biomarkers associated with diagnosis of disease. The application of new nanomaterials in biosensing has influenced biosensing research. The use of high surface area nanomaterials has been important in producing nanobiosensors with greater sensitivity and shorter response times.
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Limitations
Biosensors have an inaccuracy in the early cancers detections due to the very low
concentrations of cancer biomarkers in blood or tissue fluids. Therefore, interests in new approaches such as nanotechnology have been receiving great attentions to improve detection limits. The progress of electrochemical nanobiosensors is probably an encouraging problem solving approach related to sensitivity, velocity, selectivity, and cheapness.
Cancer Bio-Markers
Bio-Marker
Cancer bio markers are often protein substances that have a higher concentration in cancerous conditions than normal conditions. They are also commonly used as an index for cancer prognosis, diagnosis of various stages, and as an indicator of cancer severity. Transmission without damage of cancer bio markers on diagnostic sensors which is related to the type of nano particle and transmission method can significantly improve their diagnostic value
Most Important Bio-Markers
Bio-Markers
The most important biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancer are including
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
cancer antigen 125 (CA125)
cancer antigen 153 (CA15-3)
cancer 9
antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
breast cancer suspectability gene(BRCA)
interleukins (ILs)
mucin 1 (MUC
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
squamous cell
carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag)
NanoBio-Sensors in cancer detection
Nowadays, a variety of studies have shown that the use of nano materials with bio markers in diagnostic sensors increases the detection power. For instance, some studies illustrated that AuNPs functionalized with an bio-markers in nano bio-sensors such as anti-CA15-3 and anti-BRCA1 for breast cancer, CEA antigen for lung or bladder cancers, anti-HPS70 for prostate and pancreatic cancers are extremely more accurate and rapid than other techniques. Inorder to develop an appropriate nano-bio-sensor strategy to detect cancer, a specific bio-marker or an array of bio-markers should be identified. Despite of a wide variety of cancers, this review focuses on some of the
most common cancers in the world such as breast, prostate, lung, etc.
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer detection using Nano-Bio-sensors
Lung cancer
Lung cancer detection using NanoBio-sensors
Because, lung cancer is the second most important cancer in men and women. Biomarker diversity is very high in lung cancer; however, a small number of biomarkers are used in nanobiosensors to detect lung cancer.
In the regard, Chen et al. (2013) illustrated that electrodes based on graphene modified with AuNPs, chitosan along with anti-CEA and anti-AFP for lung and liver cancer have much higher susceptibilities.
Similarly, Choudhary et al. (2014) developed a voltammetry electrochemical immunosensory based on two anti-MAGE A2 and anti-MAGE A11 biomarkers applying CNTs-chitosan composite, which increased the detection capacity of lung cancer at the linear range of 5 fg/mL - 50 ng/mL.
Title
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer detection using Nano biosensors
Despite the wide variety of biomarkers for diagnosis of prostate cancer Nowadays, electrochemical nanobiosensors developed for prostate cancer detection are generally based on aptamers and immunosensors.
In this regard, Liu et al. (2012) developed an aptamer-based electrochemical nanobiosensor and graphite mesoporous NPs coated with AuNPs that increased the prostate cancer detection rate with a LOD down to 0.25 ng/mL.
Meanwhile, another experiment using DNA aptammer and molecular imprinting for selective PSA immobilized on Au electrodes showed that the power of detecting prostate cancer increased three times more than common sensors with a LOD of 1 pg/mL and a linear amplitude of 100 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL (Jolly et al. 2016).
Rahi et al. (2016) obtained a satisfactory detection from prostate cancer with a liner range of 0.12-200 ng/mL and a LOD of 0.05 ng/mL using PSA aptamer rich in guanine and methylene blue with AuNPs.
Challenges
Conclusion
Nowadays, electrochemical biosensing
based on nanomaterial is facing some serious challenges, such as:
1- The lack of mechanism transperency of interaction between nano materials and bio molecules
2- High influence in exposure to changing environmental and medical conditions.
3-Simple samples analysis and bioocompatibility or non-toxicity for the environment.
4- The complexities of constructin electrochemical nanobiosensors.
Conclusion
This review highlighted the importance of applying specific biomarkers along with
nanomaterial for developing electrochemical nanobiosensors in cancer detection. Also, we noted the inherent sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, and low cost of electrochemical
nanobiosensors. The biomaterials based on nanomaterials, not only improve the electronic attributes, susceptibility, specificity, and increment rate of the signal, but also generate
detectable signals for indirect detection of targets.
References
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.026
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/biosensors-and-bioelectronics