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Ancient Greece
504
Ch. 5 Ancient Greece
Objectives
Learning Objectives
- Discuss in detail, how the geography of ancient Greece affected the government of the United States
-Define "myth." Explain why we have myths through an analysis of at least one Greek god and illustrate a myth of our culture.
-List and review the four types of governments in Ancient Greece. Compare each type of government with the United States government today.
-Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta. Give an analogy and include the winner of the Peloponnesian War.
-Define "philosopher." Briefly, review the three Greek philosophers discussed in class. If you could take the class of one of the philosophers, who would it be and why? Ask at least one philosophical question and attempt to answer it.
Seas
Geography
-Greece was linked by the Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas
-Allows the transfer of people goods & ideas
-Specifically the import of timber, metals, & crops
Mountains
Isolation + Little Farming = Small Populations = Self-Government
Mountains
Climate
Mediterranean - wet winters, dry summers, 48-80 deg.
Conducive to outdoor living & leisure activities
Civic life - discussion of public issues, news, etc.
Climate
Importance?
This geography allowed for the development of democracy which we have in the United States today.
Map
4 Types of Greek Government
Governments
Monarchy
-Hereditary rule by a warrior-king
-Some kings claimed divine right
-E.G. Mycenae 1450 B.C- 1100 B.C.
Monarchy
Power of the Presidency
- Head of Executive Branch
- Enforces the laws
- Appoints Supreme Court justices and other important officials.
- Commander in Chief
- Torture
- Anwar Al-Awlaki
Compared to U.S.
Aristocracy
- Government ruled by a small group of noble, land owning families
Aristocracy
American Aristocracy... How much influence do these three men have?
Oligarchy
- Government ruled by a few powerful people.
Oligarchy
United States Oligarchy
U.S. Population- 316, 668,722
Members of Congress- 535
President- 1
Supreme Court Justices- 9
Total- 545/0.000000174%
Compared to U.S.
Supremacy Clause: Article 6 U.S. Constitution, "Laws of the United States...shall be the supreme law of the land"
Direct Democracy
-Rule by citizens
-Majority rule decides votes
-Athens 461 B.C.
Direct Democracy
Initiatives vs. Supremacy
U.S. Comparison
Proposition 8
Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment Election results
Yes or no Votes Percentage
Yes 7,001,084 52.24%
No 6,401,482 47.76%
Total votes 13,743,177 100.00%
Voter turnout 79.42%
Electorate 17,304,428
Greek Mythology
Myths are traditional stories.
Greeks attempted to understand mysteries of nature and power of human passions through their gods.
Mythology
Inception
Greek Mythology: Inception
Labyrinth and Ariadne
Greek Gods
Sons of Kronos
Gods
Zeus - God of the sky, lightning and thunder. King of the gods
Poseidon- God of the Sea
Hades- God of the Underworld
Offspring of Zeus
THIS IS SPARTA!
Sparta
Government
- Assembly
- Free Adult Males
- Voted on major issues
- Council Of Elders
- Proposed laws on which the Assembly voted
- 5 Elected officials enforced the laws
- 2 Kings
- Ruled over military
Social Hierarchy
Descendants of Original Land Inhabitants (Citizens)
Free, noncitizens, working in commerce and industry
Social Hierarchy
Helots (serfs)- Messeniar peasants forced to stay on the land they worked.
Slaves
- Men
- Centered around military training
- Age 7: Moved into military barracks
- Marched and sparred during the day, slept on hard benches, ate porridge
- Women
- Sparta before family
- Managed family estates
- Played sports, ran and wrestled
Spartan Education
Spartan Training
And This Is Athens
Athens
Democracy
Government
- Draco, Solon, Cliesthenes, & Pericles all responsible for Greek Democracy
- Citizens- Males, 18 & older, born of citizen parents
- Noncitizens: Women, slaves, & foreigners
- Direct Democracy
- Executive Branch: Council of 500 men
United States Athens
Citizens: Born in the U.S., to one parent, completed citizenship process
Representatives elected to propose and vote on laws
Elected president
Executive branch made up of elected & appointed officials
Juries composed of 12 jurors
Attorneys & long appeals process
-Political power exercised by citizens
-3 Branches
-Legislative pass laws
-Executive enforces laws
-Judicial conducts trails w/ paid jurors
Citizens: male; 18 years old; born of citizen parents
Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of citizens
Leader chosen by lot
Executive branch composed of a council of 500 men
Juries varied by size
No attorneys; no appeals; one-day trials
Greek Art
Art
-Grace, strength, & perfection
-Neither laughter or anger; just serenity
-Focus on the ideal, not the real
Greek Drama
-Expression of civic pride & tribute to the gods
-Tragedy - Personality flaws lead to a hero's downfall (hubris)
-Comedy - Slapstick situations & crude humor making fun of customs, politics, and respected people & ideas.
-Laughing at criticism of themselves displays the freedom and openness of life in Athens
Drama
Tragedy
Tragedy
The Iliad
Comedy
Comedy
Satire of George W. Bush
The Persian Wars
Starts when Persian Empire conquered Ionian Greek colonies. Athens sends ships to help colonies revolt.
Important Battles
Persian Wars
Marathon
- Persian King Darius the Great vows to destroy Athens and sends fleet of ships with 25,000 men
- 10,000 Athenians waited for them, positioned in phalanxes.
- Phalanx- battle formation. Hoplites (foot soldiers) positioned side by side, spear in one hand, shield in the other.
- After battle casualties were 6,000 Persians and 200 Greeks.
- Pheidippides runs 26 miles back to Athens to deliver news of victory. Collapses and dies after delivering news.
- Army from Marathon rushes back to Athens to prepare for Persian ships.
- Persian ships find Athens heavily fortified and retreat.
Marathon
Thermopylae
- Darius's son, Xerxes assembled a massive army for a return to Athens.
- Facing little opposition down the Greek coast, Xerxes's army came to a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, where 7,000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans waited for them.
Persian Army vs. Greeks at Thermopylae
Greek army- not fully professional. Only Spartans were fully professional army.
Persians- thousands of archers, "blot out the sun" with arrows. Xerxes's 1000 Immortals.
Power of Persians
The Battle
- The Spartans and Greeks hold the Persian army back for 3 days, taking few casualties.
- On the third day, a fellow Greek, in exchange for gold, tells Xerxes of a pass around the Spartans.
- The Spartans held the pass while the other Greeks retreated to defend Athens.
- All Spartans were killed except for one that had been sent back by Leonidas to bring Spartan reinforcements.
After The Battle
- Athens is set on fire by the Greeks as they retreat from the city to force Xerxes to fight them at sea.
- Battle of Salamis occurs where the Athenian fleet defeats the Persian fleet at sea.
- Another Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea forced Persians on the defensive, gradually becoming less of a threat to the Greeks.
- Athens and smaller city states formed the Delian League, which Athens becomes as the leader.
After The Battle
Peloponnesian War
- Sparta & Athens emerged as the strongest of the Greek city-states
- The rivalry lead to war
- A plague & horrific defeat led to the demise of the Athenians
- Neither city-state would recover
Peloponnesian War
Philosophy
Philosophy - 1.examination of basic concepts: the branch of knowledge or academic study devoted to the systematic examination of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality, causality, and freedom
Translation - "Lovers of Wisdom"
Socrates
- Encouraged students to think for themselves & examine their own beliefs
- "The unexamined life is not worth living"
- Socratic Method
- Q/A to show people's contradictory beliefs
- Put to death for "corrupting the youth of Athens"
Plato
- Student of Socrates
- "Philosophy begins in wonder"
- Theory of Forms
- Ideas, and not material objects are the most fundamental kind of reality
- Allegory of The Cave
Allegory of the Cave
Allegory of the Cave & The Matrix
The Matrix
Experience Machine
Aristotle
- Student of Plato
- "He who studies how things originated and came into being...will achieve the clearest view of them."
- "We are what we repeatedly do, excellence then, is not an act but a habit."
- Questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, & knowledge
- Made arguments according to logic (inductive/deductive reasoning) & observation that would form the basic of the Scientific Method
- Inductive Reasoning
-Specific to broad generalizations based on true premises (facts)
- Deductive Reasoning
-Broad generalizations to specific based on true premises
-Aristotle is a man. All men are mortal. Therefore, Aristotle is mortal. (T/F) Inductive
-Clayton is a Republican. Clayton is a student. Therefore, all students are Republicans. (T/F) Deductive
-9/11 attackers are terrorist. 9/11 attackers are Muslim. Therefore, all Muslims are terrorists. (T/F) Inductive
-John believes killing is wrong. John believes abortion is killing. Therefore, John believes abortion is wrong. (T/F) inductive
-John believes killing is wrong. John believes the death penalty results in killing. Therefore, John believes the death penalty is __________ Inductive
-People that hold hands like each other. Beth and Bryan hold hands. Therefore, Beth and Bryan like each other. (T/F) Deductive