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how deep sea life functions
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How deep sea life functions
By: Haley Williams-North
The two realms
How the ocean is spilt up
The ocean is seperated into two broad relams which is the pelagatic and the bethneic zone. One covers the ocean waters while the other covers ocean floors.
Pelagic zone
The pelagic covers all areas of the waters, this realm is broken into five whole zones; the sunlight zone, twiligiht zone, Midnight zone, Abyssal zone, and the hadal zone.
Pelagic
The benthic zone
This zone is where the bottom sediments of oceans or lakes lie. organisms living here are in close relationship with the ocean floor.
Benthic
What do creatures eat in the deep sea?
Deep sea food sources
How do creatures adapt to a limited food enviroment?
Food source 1: Marine snow
Marine snow
Marine snow comes from the surface waters and are a crucial food source for a lot of deep sea creatures. Marine snow is made up of dead plankton, dead animals, and fecal matter.
large animal falls
Large animal falls
even though its not always common, another food source creatures relay on is large animal or plant falls, like whale falls. These create areas of intense enrichment for deep sea creatures.
Deep sea adaptions
How creatures adapt to the deep sea challenges.
Adaptions
deep sea pressure
Pressure
The deep sea pressure increases for 1 atmosphere (atm) ever 10m, so with depths ranging from 200m to 11,000m making pressure range from 20 atm to more than 1,100atm. How do creatures adapt to this?
membrane protiens
Membrane proteins
some organisms that live in the deep sea have membrane protiens that have resident structures, allowing them to work well under high pressured water but not low pressure.
Piezotls
piezotls
these molecules allow for creatures to prevent pressure from distorting large biomolecules. Scientist dont exactly know how these two adaptions fully work yet
Temperture
temperture adaptions
The ocean can reach -1 C to -4 C
Creatures take advantage of fat protien, like creatures in the artitic, to further help them keep warm. This is because Unsaturated membranes do not stiffen in the cold.
Food adaptions
creatures adapt to not eating so much, so they are built to maintain less protiens.
Adaptions Part 2
Some filter feeders adapted to become carnivores since there is less acess to filter foods.
Two of my favorite deep sea creatures
Deep sea creatures
Two deep sea creatures that i personally find interesting
Vampire squid
The vampire squid is actually a type of octopus. It lives in the deep sea and has a redish orange color.
Vampire squid
Defense
Defense
The pineapple pose, The vampire squid pulls its arms up to cover its body. This shows spiky flesh on its webbed arms and hides its mantle. This warns predators.
They also use a mucus cloud which enjects luminous mucus to distract predators.
Diet
diet
The vampire squid is a detrivore, which means it eats dead organic material. Most of its diet consits of marine snow. Using its two filaments covered in mucus, it catches marine snow.
Fun fact: The Vampire squid is the only cephalopod that doesn't eat live prey
Giant isopod
The giant isopod are cousins of roly pollies, that roams the deep sea floor.
they are about 16 inches in length.
Giant isopod
relatives
relatives
The gaint isopod is crustacean that is related to species like lobster, krill, crabs, barnacles, and shrimp.
giant isopods are one of 10,000 species of isopod.
Diet
Diet
The giant isopod feast on falling debris from the oceans surface, things like crab heads, marine snow, and crab bits. They also will feast on whale falls and marine worms.
Work consulted
Work consulted
The deep sea ~ marinebio conservation society (2021) MarineBio Conservation Society. Available at:https://www.marinebio.org/oceans/deep-sea/#:~:text=Other%20Adaptations%20of%20Deep%2Dsea%20Animals&text=In%20the%20deep%20sea%2C%20animals,from%20both%20predators%20and%20prey. (Accessed: April 20, 2023).
Higgs, N.D., Gates, A.R. and Jones, D.O.B. (2014) Fish Food in the Deep Sea: Revisiting the role of large food-falls, PloS one. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013046/#:~:text=In%20the%20absence%20of%20sunlight,particles%20of%20'marine%20snow'. (Accessed: April 20, 2023).
Life after whale (on Whale Falls) (2018) Life After Whale (On Whale Falls). Available at: https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/marine-mammals/life-after-whale-whale-falls (Accessed: April 20, 2023).
US Department of Commerce, N.O.and A.A. (2019) What is a whale fall?, NOAA's National Ocean Service. Available at: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whale-fall.html (Accessed: April 20, 2023).