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STI Presentation
1
Sexually Transmitted Infections
What you should know
What are STIs?
and how are they transmitted?
STI and STD
Infections that are spread through sexual contact are usually referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STI). Another term often used instead of STI is STD, or Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
What are
some common STIs?
Syphilis
Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore — typically on the genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person via skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores.
Without treatment, syphilis can severely damage the heart, brain or other organs, and can be life-threatening. Syphilis can also be passed from mothers to unborn children.
There are 4 stages of syphilis:
Stage 1 -> 1 or a few small sores at a place of sexual contact (usually genitles)
Stage 2 -> a rash starting at gentitles and spreading to the whole body, may also include hair loss, muscle aches, a fever, a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes
Stage 3 -> If you aren't treated for syphilis, the disease moves from the secondary stage to the hidden (latent) stage, when you have no symptoms
Stage 4 -> In the late stage, the disease may damage the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints
Treatment:
Without treatment, syphilis can severely damage the heart, brain or other organs, and can be life-threatening.
A single injection of long-acting Benzathine penicillin G can cure the early stages of syphilis. This includes primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis. CDC recommends three doses of long-acting Benzathine penicillin G at weekly intervals for late latent syphilis or latent syphilis of unknown duration.
Diagnosis
Syphilis can be diagnosed by testing samples of: Blood. Blood tests can confirm the presence of antibodies that the body produces to fight infection. The antibodies to the syphilis-causing bacteria remain in your body for years, so the test can be used to determine a current or past infection.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause infection among both men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb).
You can get chlamydia by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has chlamydia. Also, you can still get chlamydia even if your sex partner does not ejaculate. A pregnant person with chlamydia can give the infection to their baby during childbirth.
Treatment/cure
Symptoms
Proper treatment can cure Chlamydia. When taken properly it will stop the infection and decrease chances of later complications. Medicine will stop the infection however will not undo any permanent damage caused by the disease.
Chlamydia often has no symptoms, but it can cause serious health problems, even without symptoms. If symptoms occur, they may not appear until several weeks after having sex with a partner who has chlamydia.
Some symptoms may include:
- An abnormal vaginal discharge
- A burning sensation when peeing
- A discharge from their penis
- Pain and swelling in one or both testicles
- Rectal pain
- Rectal Discharge
- Rectal Bleeding
Diagnosis
Laboratory tests can diagnose chlamydia. Your docctor may ask you to provide a urine sample for testing, or they might use a cotton swab to get a vaginal sample.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted bacterium that infects both males and females. Gonorrhea most often affects the urethra, rectum or throat. In females, gonorrhea can also infect the cervix.
Gonorrhea is most commonly spread during vaginal, oral or anal sex. But babies of infected mothers can be infected during childbirth. In babies, gonorrhea most commonly affects the eyes.
Treatment/Cure
Symptoms
Gonorrhea can be cured with the right treatment. Medication will stop the infection, but it will not repair any permanent damage done by the disease. Though there are alternative treatment options the reccomended treatment is a single 500 mg intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone.
Some cases may be asymptomatic although there are many symptoms including:
- Painful urination
- Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis
- Pain or swelling in one testicle
- Increased vaginal discharge
- Painful urination
- Vaginal bleeding between periods, ie after vaginal intercourse
- Abdominal or pelvic pain
- Anal itching, anal discharge, anal bleeding, and strain during bowel movements.
- Eye pain, sensitivity to light, and discharge from one or both eyes
- Sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in the neck
- Joints might be warm, red, swollen and extremely painful
Diagnosis
Urogenital gonorrhea can be diagnosed by testing urine, urethral, or endocervical or vaginal specimens using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). It can also be diagnosed using gonorrhea culture, which requires endocervical or urethral swab specimens.
Human Papilomavavirus (HPV)
HPV is the most common STI. There are many different types of HPV. which can cause health problems, including genital warts and cancers.
You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. It also spreads through close skin-to-skin touching during sex. A person with HPV can pass the infection to someone even when they have no signs or symptoms.
Symptoms
Treatment and Vaccination
The main symptoms are genital warts, cervical cancer, and other cancers.
Most people with HPV do not know they have it. They may not develop symptoms or health problems from it.
Diagnosis
The HPV vaccine is safe and effective. It can protect against diseases (including cancers) caused by HPV when given in the recommended age groups. Prevention is always the best option.
There is no treatment for the virus itself. However, there are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause:
Genital warts can go away with treatment from your healthcare provider or with prescription medicine. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number.
Cervical precancer treatment is available. Women who get routine Pap tests and follow up as needed can find problems before cancer develops. Prevention is always better than treatment.
Other HPV-related cancers are also more treatable when found and treated early.
There is no test to find out a person’s “HPV status.” Also, there is no approved HPV test to find HPV in the mouth or throat.
There are HPV tests that can screen for cervical cancer. Healthcare providers only use these tests for screening women aged 30 years and older. HPV tests are not recommended to screen men, adolescents, or women under the age of 30 years.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. This can happen through sexual contact; sharing needles, syringes, or from mother to baby at birth. For many people, hepatitis B is a short-term illness. For others, it can become a chronic infection that can lead to serious, even life-threatening health issues like cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Symptoms
Not all people newly infected with HBV have symptoms, but for those that do, symptoms can include fatigue, poor appetite, stomach pain, nausea, and jaundice.
Treatment and Vaccination
Taking preventative measures like getting the Hepatitis B vaccine and practicing safer sex are always the best ways to stay healthy however if you are unvaccinated and become infected you may be perscribed antiviral medications (to help fight the virus), interferon injections (to prevent long-term treatment), and/or a liver transplant if liver damage is severe.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will examine you and look for signs of liver damage, such as yellowing skin or stomach pain.
Tests that can help diagnose hepatitis B or its complications are:
Blood tests can detect signs of the hepatitis B virus in your body and tell your doctor whether it's acute or chronic, it can also determine if you're immune to the condition.
Liver ultrasounds can show the amount of liver damage.
Liver biopsy can check for liver damage