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Biological Control Mechanisms in animals
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Biological control mechanisms in animals
By David Wood
Homeostasis, hormones and nerves
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: the process by which the body of an organism maintains its levels of temperature, water and oxygen in order to survive (BBC Bitesize, 2014).
Hormones: these are responsible for the production of zygote's and is used to stimulate specific cells to perform their correct functions.
Nerves: these are inlaid to the connective tissue and are used to transport messages to the brain and spinal cord before the muslces take action.
Control mechanisms
Control mechanisms are used under the process of homeostasis. hormones will usually play the deciding part in this process. For exmaple ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) is stimulated when the blood water levels drops or rises beyond the safe point. This hormone helps the kidney to improve or disaprove the absorbtion of water back into the bloodstream.
Control Mechanisms and functions
Sensor mechanisms
Sensor Mechanism
These are able to sense when any part of the body's important influencors increase or decrease and this will trigger the control mechanism or control center.
Basically the adapters at the fragments of the neurons detect a change and send this thorugh the neurons to the control centre which will decide on the appropriate action to take.
Control Mechanism
Control Mechanism
This will receive the singla that something has changed and will need to be corrected. this involves the control mechanism receiving the signals from other parts of the body ands then sends a specific signal to the Effector mechanism.
After receiveing the message of the change from the sensory mechanisms a decision will have to be made about the correct action to take and the message will be sent to the motor mechanism
Effect Mechanism
Effect Mechanism
These are organs including muslces and glands which react accordingly to the hormone that has been released to either raise or lower the homeostatic level in question.
the effect mechanism is the last in the line of the three mechanisms as is it on the receiving end of the action that will need to take place.
Major Endocrine Glands and Functions
There are many types of major glands and each one has their own specific role to play in keeping the organism alive.
Endocrine glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is found in lower-mid regoin of the brain. This gland is responsible for controlling the pituitary gland through the use of hormones (Dowsen, 2015).
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is located beneath the hypothalamus and is in charge of manufacturing the hormones for many other glands in the body (Dowsen, 2015).
Pituitary
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is loacted in the frontal-lower section of the throat and is responisble for the prodction of hormones which control the rate of fuel consumption (Dowsen, 2015).
Thyroid
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroids
These are four small ball-shaped glands that are attached to the Thyroid gland. these glands are used to regulate the levels of calcium in the bloodstream with the help of calcicotnin which is produced by the Thyroid gland (Dowsen, 2015).
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal
Situated on top of each kidney these glands cna be split intop two parts: The cortex (outside) produces hormones that help to regulate the levels of salt and water in the body whilst the medulla (inner) produces adrenaline to help cope with stress (Dowsen, 2015).
Pineal Gland
Pineal
This gland is located in the center of the brain and secretes a hormone that is suspected to be used to help you sleep at night and to wake up in the morning (Dowsen, 2015).
Reproductive Glands
The reprodutive glands provide a range of hormoes that assist the organism to go through sexual maturity. The testes in males will screte testosterone whilst the ovaries in females will secrete oestrogen and proestrogen (Dowsen, 2015).
Gonads
Pancreas
The pancreas produces both insulin and glycagon to help maintain the body's blood sugar levels and fuel consumption rates (Dowsen, 2015).
Pancreas
What is controlled by hormones?
- Blood water levels
- Blood sugar levels.
- Stage of sexual maturity.
- Impacts upon the Oestruc cycle in females.
Hormonal control
Blood water levels
Blood water level. This is monitored by the kidneys in particular the bowmas capsule as this is the organ that is responsible for dividing the urea salt and excess water from the bloodstream. the water level is monitored by the bowmans capsule and the capillaries that run along the side of the kidney structure also help to reabsorb any water that is needed back into the bloodstream.
Blood sugar levels
By not controllling the amount of sugar that is found in the blood short-term problems such as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia cam occur which can lead to diabetes of both types. The levels of sugar in the blood is comntrolled by Insulin and if the proudction of this is supressed or over-exorted then the levels will drop or rise accordingly.
Stage of sexual maturity
Hormones affect the different stages of sexual maturity by stimulating the muscles and orans inside of the animal.
Sexual maturity
Impacts on the oestrus cycle
Hormones have a major impact on the oestrus cycle as each homone is released at a set time to help stimulate the organs. the most common hormones like FSH and oestrogen play a particularly important role as they are responsilbe for the periodical availability for a female to become pregnant.
Impacts on the Oestrus cycle
Nervous system
The central nervous system is constructed of the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for the reactions to pain.
the epipherial nervous system is made up of neurons, sensor, motor and relay, which detect a change in the surrounding environment (NICHD, 2017).
Parts of nervous system
Refelx Arcs and voluntary reactions
Reflex Arcs and reactions
A reflex arc is when a sensory neuron detects a change within the surrounding environment. this is then tramskitted as an electrical sugnal which travels from the dendrites through the axon and to the tail end of the neuron. At this point there is a synapase which is crossed by the eletrical current with chemical transmitters. This is then repeated along each neuron until the signal reaches the spinal cord which then transmits the signal to the brain. Once the brain has received and responded accordingly the signal then travels back to the spinal cord to the effector neuron which propelles the motor neuron into action (Lumen Learning, 2018). an example of a reflex action is when your hand comes into contact with a sharp object or heat as your hand is instantly withdrawn without any knowledgable interventon n your part. a voluntary action is when you physically ask your body to move and perform the action required.
Autonomic Systems
Autonomic systems
This is part of the nervous system that is unconscientiously regulating certaon body processes including but not limited to blood pressure and respriratory rate.
It responds to electricalsignals by either acting sympathetically and stimulating the bodily porcesses involved or parasympathectially by inhibiting the bodily functions involved (Low, 2018).
The symphathetic sytem is used to control and determine the outcome of a 'fight or flight' situation.
The paraympathetc sytem helps your body to regulate during rest and influences yor heart rate and body temperature during nrmal circumstances.
References and Relevant Sources
References
References
BBC Bitesize. (2014). Homeostatic control. Retrieved from BBC Bitesize: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/biology/control_regulation/homeostatic_control/revision/1/
Dowsen, S. (2015, July). Endocrine Systems. Retrieved from KidsHealth: https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/endocrine.html
Kent, M. (2013). Advanced Biology. Oxford University Press.
Kerr, S. (2016, November 13). Animal Hormones. Retrieved from Bio1520: http://bio1520.biology.gatech.edu/chemical-and-electrical-signals/animal-hormones/
Low, P. (2018). Overveiw of the Autonomic Nervous System. Retrieved from MSD Manual: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/autonomic-nervous-system-disorders/overview-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system
Lumen Learning. (2018). Reflexes. Retrieved from Lumen Learning: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/reflexes/
NICHD. (2017, April 30). What are the parts of the nervous system. Retrieved from NICHD: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/neuro/conditioninfo/parts