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The Harlem Renaissance

Natalie, Louise, Grace, Vivien

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

What?

  • An African American cultural movement, centered around music, art, literature and dance
  • Also known as the New Negro Movement
  • great flourishing of culture within the African-American community
  • Music like Jazz and Blues was brought from the South to the North with Great Migration
  • the Great Migration was the movement of 1.4 million blacks from the South to the North to escape lynching and Jim Crow segregation laws

Where?

  • It began in the Harlem district of New York, then spread across the country

How?

  • It was all started by middle class African Americans
  • Music like Jazz and Blues and new ideas for writing and art were brought from the South to the North with Great Migration.

Who?

  • African Americans-a cadre of talented writers, composers, musicians, artists and entertainers

Why?

  • Southern blacks moved to the North to find jobs, they formed their own kind of culture and yearning to end the racism that was a part of their everyday lives

When?

  • The Harlem Renaissance occured during the 1920's up until the early 1930's.

Music

Jazz

  • Rooted in the musical tradition of American Blacks
  • During the beginning of twentieth century, jazz music emerged, centered in New Orleans, a cosmopolitan southern city where Africans, French, Spanish, and English people made a cultural milieu
  • Jazz was a combination of rhythmic African drumbeats and European instruments, influenced by traditional black spirituals, then blended together in improvisational jam sessions by talented musicians.
  • Most infleuntial musician was Louis Armstrong, King Olivers' second trumpeter, nicknamed "Satchmo", sort for Satchelmouth, for the way his cheeks puffed up so large when he played
  • Jazz was popular because it allowed the performer to create the rhythm, therefore there was no wrong way to play jazz

Blues

  • Music that deals with hardships of life and love
  • Usually self accompanied by the singer on harmonica / guitar or with jazz bands/pianist
  • Jelly Roll Morton and Duke Ellington

Stride Piano

  • Stride piano evolved from ragtime and novelty ragtime
  • A jazz piano style
  • Right hand plays melodies and riffs while the left hand lays down the rhythmic groundwork

LITERATURE

Poetry

Jazz Poetry:

  • Poetry reproducing the sound and feel of jazz through literary style
  • Demonstrates jazz-like rhythm or the feel of improvisation

Poets:

  • James Weldon Johnson-wrote "God's Trombones" in 1927, consisted of seven black sermons set in verse (poems), had many dramatical and musical qualities that reflected his experience writing songs for the musical theater.
  • Claude McKay was one of the most powerful black poets, wrote formal but emotional verse, often on explosive topics
  • Langston Hughes made an effort to bring the rhythms of African American music into poetry
  • Sterling A. Brown protested against racial prejudice and expressed pride in the distinctive cultural tradition of African Americans
  • Countee Cullen was mainly a lyric poet, but sometimes used verse to protest racism

Prose

Prose Writers:

  • Jean Toomer's "Cane" in 1923, a sophisticated mixture of short stories, sketches, poetry and a play
  • Zora Neale Hurston collected African American folk tales and became well known as a skilled oral storyteller, wrote "Their Eyes Were Watching God" in 1937 which traced a black woman's steady growth in insight and spiritual strength
  • Alain Locke wrote several nonfiction works on African American culture

Fiction

  • Fiction of the Harlem Renaissance was characterized by its focus on sultural instability and contemporary life, or its modernity
  • James Weldon Johnson in "The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man" in 1927

Jessie Redmon Fauset wrote "There is Confusion" in 1924, considered the transformation of mainstream culture effected by the new black middle class

  • Walter White wrote "The Fire in the Flint" which focused on the career then lynching of a black doctor, protested racial oppresion and brought attention to a distinguished black professional class who's progress was blocked by prejudice

ART

Aaron Douglas

  • Aaron Douglas painted murals for public buildings and illustrated cover designs for many black publications including "The Crisis" and "Opportunity". In 1940 he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he founded the Art Department at Fisk University and taught for twenty nine years
  • his work was abstract and two-dimensional, because he wanted his audience to see his human figures as symbolic of all African-Americans. His goal was to interpret what he understood to be the spiritual identity and African roots of blacks in the United States through his art. Many of his murals have survived in excellent condition

Idylls of the Deep South, Aaron Douglas, 1934

Into Bondage,

Aaron Douglas, 1936

Lois Jones

  • Lois Jones attended the School of the Museum of Fine Art, Boston, at a time when racial prejudice and discrimination were omnipresent features of American life. Jones engineered her professional art career in spite of barriers.

Laura Wheeler Waring

  • Laura Wheeler graduated from Hartford (Connecticut) High School (with honours) during a time when few African American women attended school. In 1908 she entered the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. After graduating from the academy, Wheeler founded and taught in the art and music departments at The University of Cheyney
  • she painted scenes from the lives of the small number of upper-class African Americans, because she herself was born to an upper-class family

James Weldon Johnson,

Laura Wheeler Waring

Edward A. Harleston

  • focused on the African-American servants, soldiers, hired hands and day laborers who worked in quiet anonymity

DANCE

Swing Dancing

  • developed concurrently with the swing style of jazz music in the 1920s
  • Swing jazz features the syncopated timing associated with African American and West African music and dance — a combination of crotchets and quavers that many swing dancers interpret as 'triple steps' and 'steps'
  • best known of these dances is the Lindy Hop, a popular partner dance that originated in Harlem and is still danced today

The Charleston

  • developed in African American communities across America, then the Charleston became a popular dance craze in the wider international community in the 1920s
  • often associated with flappers and the speakeasy despite its origins
  • Charleston can be danced solo, or with a partner its simple, flexible basic step making it easy to concentrate on styling, improvisation and musicality

Cultural Accomplishments

  • it redefined how America, and the world, viewed the African-American population
  • changed the image of the African-American from rural, undereducated peasants to people of urban, cosmopolitan sophistication
  • the new identity of African Americans led to a greater social consciousness, and African-Americans became players on the world stage, expanding intellectual and social contacts internationally
  • the African-American community gained a spirit of self-determination, a foundation for the community to build upon for the Civil Rights struggles in the 1950s and 1960s
  • the Harlem Renaissance encouraged the new appreciation of folk roots and culture

Black pride

  • an achievement unique to the African-American ommunity, without the help of the white community
  • an achievement that they can identify themselves with
  • the Harlem Renaissance fostered black pride and uplifting of the race through the use of intellect
  • it was the first self-conscious literary and artistic movement in African American history

Citations

Photos:

Capturing History. Web. 26 Jan 2010. <http://webs.rps205.com/curriculum/ssandvoc/images/1E6382AAE91A423B8F1C762C95B021B4.jpg>.

James Weldon Johnson. Web. 26 Jan 2010. <http://ctl.du.edu/spirituals/assets/images/dunbar_clip_image002.jpg>

Pronouncing "Louis". Web. 26 Jan 2010. <http://gertrudestein.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/louis-armstrong.jpg>.

Social Life...dancing throughout the 1920's. Web. 26 Jan 2010. <http://my.ilstu.edu/~lmerri/uhigh/1920's/blackbottom.jpg>.

Information:

Carlton, Higginbotham. "flapper architecture." 1998. Web. <http://www.bassocantante.com/flapper/architecture.html>.

Charmaine, Watkis. "Rapsodies In Black." 1997. Institute of International Visual Arts and the Hayward Gallery, Web. <http://www.iniva.org/harlem/home.html>.

Cheek, Jerrie S. "The Roaring Twenties." 2005. Jerrie S. Cheek, Web. <http://webtech.kennesaw.edu/jcheek3/roaring_twenties.htm>.

Gentry, Mae Whitlock . "Elise Forrest Harleston." 2006, Web. <http://www.usca.edu/aasc/EliseForrestHarleston.htm>.

"Harlem Renaissance ." Scribd. 2008. Web. <http://www.scribd.com/doc/3048596/Fiction-of-the-Harlem-Renaissance>.

"Harlem Renaissance ." History . 2003. Web. <http://library.thinkquest.org/26656/english/history.html>.

"Harlem Renaissance ." 2005. GNU Free Documentation License, Web. 26 Jan 2010. <http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/harlem-renaissance/impact-of-the-harlem-renaissance.html>.

"Harlem Renaissance Poetry." World Class Poetry. 2005-2008. Web. <http://www.world-class-poetry.com/Harlem_Renaissance.html>.

"Jazz Poetry: 1920s-30s." 2003. Pittsburge State University, Web. <http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~knichols/jzpoem.html>.

Lamb, Annette , and Larry Johnson. "Harlem Renaissance." 2008. Web. <http://www.42explore2.com/harlem.htm>.

"Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance ." 2001. Web. <http://www.tesd.k12.pa.us/stoga/dept/barry/barry4/lit/harlem/poetry.html>.

"Swing (dance)." Wikipedia. 1996. Wikimedia Foundation, Web. 26 Jan 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(dance)>.

"The Harlem Renaissance." Cultural History Behind Swing. 1997. Web. <http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/IPHS/Projects/swing1/history/history.htm.>

"Theatrical Standouts." Harlem Renaissance. Web. <http://www.tesd.k12.pa.us/stoga/dept/Barry/Barry5/thea/Frontpage/main.htm>.

Urtin, Robin. "The Harlem Renaissance." Eyecon Art History Art. Web. 26 Jan 2010. <http://www.robinurton.com/history/Harlem.htm>.

thank you!

thank you

Jean Toomer

Zora Neale Hurston

The Great Migration

Louis Armstrong

James Weldon Johnson

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