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Bioremediation in San Francisco

The premise: soil contaminants from urban activity are a threat to urban agriculture --and human and environmental health-- in cities like San Francisco. Bioremediation offers a potential solution in areas suitable for urban agriculture.

A Two-step Approach:

created a list of spatial criteria for urban agriculture in San Francisco

Where is urban agriculture permitted?

Where is there space?

Which areas are likely to have more contaminated soil?

-near a school

-meets criteria

-zoning: commercial or low-density residential-mixed use

2. Bioremediation plan for one such suitable site

What is bioremediation?

Phytoremediation

Mycoremediation

phytoextraction

phytostabilization

phytodegredation

Advantages of site-specific bioremediation

brownfields

environmental risks: concentration of heavy metals in the food chain, long latency periods, consequence for species abundance

health risks: cancer, respiratory/reproducive maladies

public welfare risks: resource use restrictions on groundwater and land use, decreased property values

economic benefits:

one study found bioremediation raised commercial property values by 30%; brownfield sites attractive to developers because infrastructure/location in city already exists. Restore tax base, new jobs, maybe higher building density. Other forms of remediation are expensive.

Using native plants achieves a dual goal of site cleanup and habitat restoration during the brownfield to greenspace transition

Contaminants

Petroleum

Water holding capacity: 50-80% moisture saturation of soil

Adequate supply of oxygen and organic nutrients

pH of 6 to 8

N, P, C, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe

Temperature: peak at 30-40*C

No

Plants

California sagebrush

California poppies

Narrow-leaved bedstraw

Black sage

Yes

Fungi

Acremonium

Aspergillus

Aureobasidium

Candida

(and about fifteen others)

Composting

Microbial and fungal

Case study of airforce base: saved the base $133,000

Lead

Plants

Climate

Soil compaction

Soil type

Sunlight

Seapink thrift

Ragweed

Indian mustard

Rutabaga

Kale, broccoli, and cabbage

California Sunflower

Pennycress

Wheat

Corn

lower soil pH and add P

pH of less than 5.6

Fungi

Good levels of oxygen, moisture

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Monitoring

Metrics

Future Action Reclamation Mob

1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis

based on existing conditions and trends in urban agriculture

Our spatial criteria answer the questions:

Example of a suitable site

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