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The Tenth Amendment , part of the Bill of Rights ,specifically addresses the question of powers reserved to the states.The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled."

It is a law that was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990. Senator Tom Harkin authored the bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate.Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand. It was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush, and later amended with changes effective January 1, 2009.The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. In addition, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations.

Was a decision by the United States Supreme Court ruling that under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, the United States Congress may criminalize the production and use of home-grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes.The medical marijuana users argued the Controlled Substances Act - which Congress passed using its constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce - exceeded Congress' commerce clause power. The district court ruled against the group.

History Of Federalism

Dual Federalism "Layer Cake"

Mcculloch v. Maryland

New Federalism

U.S. v. Lopez

Devolution

Dual Federalism also referred as divided sovereignty ,it is a political arrangement in which power is divided between federal and state government .It is the contrast of Cooperative federalism .The system of dual/joint federalism in the United States is a product of the backlash against the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, which established a very weak federal government with the powers to declare war, make treaties, and maintain an army.

New Deal

The first United States Supreme Court case since the New Deal. It sets limits to Congress's power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.

Chief Justice John Marshall writes opinion establishing that the powers of the United States are not limited to those expressly in the constitution ,thus expanding the power of the national government.It was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.

It is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a sub national level, such as a regional, local, or state level. It is a form of decentralization. Devolved territories have the power to make legislation relevant to the area.

The Administration moves to limit the power of the federal government to impose its policies on state and local government.It is a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states. The primary objective of New Federalism, unlike that of the eighteenth-century political philosophy of Federalism, is the restoration to the states of some of the autonomy and power which they lost to the federal government as a consequence of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

Cooperative/"Marble cake" Federalism

The New Deal was a series of domestic problems enacted in the United States between 1933-1938.They included both laws passed by congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of President Roosevelt.The programs were in response to the Great Depression ,and focused on what historians call the "3R": Relief,Recovery and Reform.That is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Party the majority.

Cooperative Federalism is based on a mixing of authority and programs among the national ,state and local governments.Greater cooperation and collaboration between the levels of government .

1990

1787

1857

2010

1791

1970

2004

1780

1781

1980

1995

1789

1933

1819

2008

Constitutional Convention

Clean Air Act

Americans with Disabilities

Tenth Amendment

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Gonzales v. Raich

The Constitutional Convention ,also known as the Federal Convention ,it address problems in governing the United States of America ,which had been operating under the articles of confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States.

A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.The Court denied Scott's request. For only the second time in its history the Supreme Court ruled an Act of Congress to be unconstitutional.

The enactment of the Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) resulted in a major shift in the federal government's role in air pollution control. This legislation authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources. Four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources were initiated: the National Ambient Air Quality Standards , State Implementation Plans , New Source Performance Standards , and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants .

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