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  • "claw"
  • Horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites, ticks
  • Some of first terrestrial animals
  • A. Two segments/ tagmata
  • Cephalothorax (sensory, NO antennae or mandibles)
  • Abdomen (dig, rep, excre, resp)
  • B. Chelicerae
  • First pair of appendages
  • Pincerlike- may be fangs
  • C. Pedipalps
  • Second pair of appendages
  • Handle food and transfer sperm
  • Followed by 4 pairs of walking legs
  • 75% of all iving species, diverse, 26 orders
  • 1. Adaptations for terresttrial existence
  • Exoskeleton
  • Flight
  • Water conserving systems
  • Desiccation resistant eggs, internal fertilization
  • Metamorphosis
  • Diverse mouthparts and feeding habits
  • 2. Characteristics
  • 3 tagmata- head, thorax, abdomen
  • 1 pair antennae1 pair compound eyes
  • Mandibles/ mouthparts
  • 3 pairs legs
  • 2 pairs wings
  • Only invertebrates that fly
  • 3. Digestion
  • Specialized enzymes
  • 4. Malpighian tubules
  • For excretion, energy expensive
  • 5. Tracheae
  • Chitin-lined tubules with external spiracles
  • 6. Dioecious with internal fertilization
  • Parental care in some groups
  • 7. Metamorphosis
  • Abrupt transition from larval to adult forms
  • Hormonally controlled
  • Complete and incomplete
  • 2 invertebrate subphyla, 1 vertebte subphylum
  • A. Notochrod
  • Dorsal hollow rod that extends the length of the body and serves as a firm but flexible axis
  • B. Dorsal tubular nerve chord
  • forms CNS
  • C. Pharyngeal Pouches
  • Openings in the lining of the upper respiratory tract
  • Form gills in fish and amphibian larvae
  • D. Postanal tail
  • Tail that continues past end of digestive tract )anus)
  • A. Ectothermy- "cold blooded"
  • Metabolism is not used to control body temperature
  • B. Gas exchange- gills
  • Evaginations of body surface
  • (1) Ventilate using mouth and operculum (or spiracle/ swimming)
  • (2) Counter-current exchange-
  • Allows uptake of more oxygen from water
  • Water flows opposite direction to blood flow through gills
  • C. Circulation
  • (1) single-loop circulatory pathway
  • (2) 2-chamber heart pumps blood to gills --> body
  • D. Excretion and Osmoregulation
  • (1)Kidneys excrete ammonia as nitrogenous wase product
  • Very toxic
  • Requires a lot of water to excrete
  • (2) Osmoregulation
  • Cartilaginous fish- isotonic to surroundings due to urea in tissues
  • Marine bony fish- hypotonic to surroundings
  • Drink water continuously, actively transport salt out across gills
  • Freshwater bony fish- hypertonic to surroundings
  • never drink water, actively transport salt across gills
  • Large amts of urine produced
  • 3900 species; frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians
  • A. First tetrapods- 4 limbs
  • Age of amphibians
  • Carbonfiderous period 345 mya
  • B. 2 skeletal girdles with stocky limbs attached- 5 digits
  • C. Gas exchange- cutaneous (through moist skin)
  • Gills as larvae, lungs as adults
  • Positive pressure breathing
  • D. External fertilization (some internal)
  • Oviparous
  • E. Reproduce in aquatic environment
  • Photo on phone
  • F. Ectothermic
  • Do not use metabolism to regulate body temperature
  • Can't survive in environments with temperature fluctuations
  • Torpor- state of reduced activity
  • G. Circulation
  • Double-loop circulatory pathway
  • 3-chamber heart pumps blood to lungs & skin, back to heart, and then to systemic (body) capillaries
  • H. Excretion
  • Larval amphibians excrete ammonia
  • Adult amphibians excrete urea
  • Urea is less toxic and can be excreted in concentration form
  • I. Adaptations for terrestrial life
  • Skin glands and coloration
  • Noctornal
  • SPecialized tongue
  • Long hind limbs for jumping
  • J. Evolved from ancestors resembling early lobe finned fishes
  • 9100 species
  • A. scales and amniotic eggs
  • B. Feathers- modified scales (keratin)
  • Contour-flight
  • Down- insulation
  • Other functions:
  • Species recognition, waterproofing, sensory perception
  • C. Endothermic
  • Use own metabolic enegy to maintain temperature
  • Very energy expensive, but great selective advantage
  • D. Modified skeleton
  • Enlarged sternum with keel
  • Porous bones
  • Horny beak (no teeth)
  • E. Well-developed nervous system
  • Acute vision (best of all vertebrates)
  • Seasonal migration
  • Elaborate courtship displays
  • Vocalizations
  • Parental care/ nesting
  • F. Internal fertilization
  • Oviparous
  • G. Circulation
  • 4-chambered heart
  • Double-loop circulation
  • H. Excretion
  • Excrete uric acid from cloaca
  • I. Digestive adaptations
  • Gizzard
  • Long tongue (woodpeckers/ hummingbirds)
  • Curved beak and sharp talons (carnivorous birds)
  • J. Gas exchange
  • Anterior and posterior air sacs
  • One-way air flow (no mixing of fresh air with old air)
  • Remove 90% of oxygen from air

Animal Kingdom Flowchart

Ancestral Protist

True Tissues

No Tissues

Metazoa

Porifera (Sponges)

Bilateral Symmetry

Radial Symmetry

(Triploblastic)

  • No true tissues, or parazoa
  • "pore bearer"
  • Habitat is mainly marine in shallow coastal waters, some freshwater
  • There are exceptions like the tree sponge in Venezuela that can remain dormant out of water
  • As an adult, it is attached to a substrate= sessile
  • As larvae they are motile
  • Have a water filtering system made up of a few cell types
  • Choanocytes are collar cells used for filter feeding
  • Amoebocytes are essential for reproduction, they form spicules and help with feeding
  • Skeletons are composed of crystalline spicuoles composed of:
  • CaCO3 or silica
  • All sponges contain the protein spongin
  • They can be asexual
  • Budding (regeneration)
  • No genetic variation
  • They can also be sexual
  • Choanoctypes/ amoebocytes
  • They are monoecious/ hermaphrodites
  • Same individual has both male and female reproductive structure

(Diploblastic)

Body Cavity

No Body Cavity

Ctenophora

Cnidarians

Coeolmates

Pseudocoelomates

  • Comb jellies
  • 90 Species
  • Habitat
  • Warm marine
  • Motility
  • 8 comblike plates of fused cilia
  • Bioluminescent: capable of producing light
  • "nettle"
  • 9000 species
  • Jelly fish, sea anemones, hydra, corals
  • Habitat
  • Live in mainly marine, shallow coastal water, sometimes freshwater, sometimes deep water
  • Digestion
  • They have a gastrovasualr cavity
  • One opening serves as both a mouth and an anus
  • Cavity lining secretes digestive enzymes
  • They are dimorphic, possessing two body forms:

Polyp

Medusa

Acoelomates

  • Motile
  • Sessile
  • Tentacles with cnidocytes
  • Cells used for defense and capturing prey
  • Stinging capsules called nematocysts "thread bag"
  • They have a simple nervous system
  • Nerve net: transmission in several directions
  • Reproduction
  • Most are dioecious (separate sexes)
  • Some are asexual and reproduce with budding

Nemertea

Deuterostomes

Protostomes

Platyhelminthes

Segmented

Not Segmented

Nematoda

Rotifera

  • "flat worms"
  • 13,000 species
  • Lophotrochozoa general characteristics
  • Digestion
  • Gastrovascular cavity (incomplete)
  • Habitat
  • Variety,
  • Hermaphroditic
  • Nervous system
  • Anterior ganglia and longitudinal nerve cords
  • Three Classes:

Cestoda

  • General Characteristics
  • Roundworms, 90,000 species
  • Probably most abundant multicellular animal
  • Ecdysozoan "ecdysis"- molting
  • Shed cuticle
  • Pseudocoelom
  • Range in size from microscopic to several meters
  • Complete digestive tract
  • 1 way, mouth to anus, tube within a tube
  • Cylindrical, unsegmented with longitudinal muscles
  • .......
  • ......

Trematoda

Turbellaria

  • "wheel to bear"
  • 2000 species
  • Lophotrochozoan general characteristics
  • Corona
  • "Crown"
  • Ciliated organ motility and feeding
  • Pseudocoelom
  • Has endoderm on one side and mezoderm on other side
  • Mainly freshwater, some in sediments
  • Small, 1000 cells, some colonial
  • Reproduce sexually and by parthenogensis
  • Virgin production, development of gamete without fertilization
  • Resurrection Animacules
  • Desiccate during harsh conditions and go dormant

Paraditic Nematodes

Mollusca

  • "Commotion-like"
  • 300 species
  • Freshwater carnivores
  • Regeneration
  • Flame cells (osmoregulation)
  • "Girdle form"
  • Tapeworms
  • 3500 species
  • Unique adaptions for parasitism
  • Tough, outer layer of cells resistant to host body fluids
  • Scolex- hooks/ suckers on anterior end (attach to host intestine)
  • No mouth, no digestive cavity and no digestive enzymes (absorb nutrients across body wall)
  • Proglottids- reproductive unit that produce eggs
  • Originated from free0living forms can reach lengths of 20 meters (60 ft)
  • "perforated form"
  • Flukes
  • 11,000 species
  • Almost all parasitic with 2 or more hosts (primary and secondary)
  • Schistosoma (split body)
  • Blood fluke
  • Chinese Liver Fluke

Cephalopoda

Gastropoda

  • Ascaris
  • Intestinal parasite of humas and other vertebrates
  • Transmitted in fecal matter
  • Estimated 25% of world's population infected
  • Pinworms
  • Most common roundworm in US
  • 10% of humans infected, lower region of colon
  • Hookworm
  • Common in Souther US
  • Worms penetrate skin, found in small intestine
  • Trichinella
  • Encysts in skeletal muscle of human and pigs
  • Trichinosis
  • Filarial Worms
  • Commonly found in tropical regions
  • Some block vessels of lymphatic system = elephantiasis (transmitted by mosquitos)
  • Heart worms (transmitted by mosquito)

Echinodermata

  • "gut foot"
  • 35,000 species
  • Snails, slugs, abalones, limpets, nudibranchs
  • 1. Largest and most varied class
  • 2. Habitat- marine, freshwater, terrestrial
  • 3. Torsion
  • 180 degree countercloclwise twisting of visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity
  • 4. Foot used for motility
  • 5. Monoecious/ dioecious/ protandrid (testes then ovaries)
  • "head-foot"
  • Squid, octopus, cuttlefish
  • 1. Most complex, evolutionary advanced mollusks; "primates of the sea" (well-developed sense organs"
  • 2. Habitat
  • Marine (lost shell, or interalized, more mobility)
  • 3. Jet Propulsion
  • water in mantle cavity is forced out siphon
  • 4. Foot modified into tentacles and arms around head and beak
  • Chemoreceptors on suckers for detecting food
  • 5. Ink sacs and chromatophores
  • release dark fluids/ change color with pigments cells
  • 6. Closed circulatory system
  • Blood contained in vessels with 3 hearts
  • 7. Dioecious
  • 110,000 species
  • Snails, slugs, clams, oyster, squid, octopus, cuttlefish
  • Lophotrochozoan general characteristics
  • First animals to develop hard external covering
  • Shell of CaCO3
  • 1. Discourages predators
  • 2. Enable colonization of land
  • Common features to all mollusks
  • Visceral mass- organs of digestion, reproduction, circulation and excretion
  • Foot- muscular organ
  • Locomotion, attachment to substrate, food capture
  • Mantle
  • Lies on either side of visceral mass; secretes shell
  • **Radula (not in all mollusks)
  • Rasping structure with rows of teeth
  • Used for feeding (not in bivalves)
  • Open circulatory system- no small vessels
  • Nervous system
  • Ganglia connected by nerve chords
  • Metanephridia- excretory organs

Bivalvia

Trochophores

  • "two leaf" 30,000 species
  • Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
  • 1. 2 shells or valves, strong adductor muscles, no radula or head
  • 2. Mainly aquatic- burrow in substrate
  • 3. Filter feeders- "miner's canary"
  • 4. Highly muscular foot- for digging and attachment
  • 5. Mainly dioecious (separate sexes)

Polyplacophora

  • 6,000 species
  • Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies
  • Sessile or sedentary with pentaradial symmetry
  • Endoskeleton
  • Internal skeleton (calcium plates)
  • Water vascular system
  • Network of hydraulic canals attached to tube feet
  • (motility, gas exchange, feeding, attachment)
  • Digestive and reproductive glands in each arm
  • Gas excahnge via gills on skin
  • Separate sexes with external fertilization
  • Regeneration
  • Phylogeny
  • Share common ancestry with Chordata
  • Evolved around 600 mya from bilaterally...
  • 1. Ancient mollusks
  • "Many plates to bear", chitons
  • Resemble Cambrian ancestors
  • 2. 8 articulating valves
  • 3. slow moving herbivores, used radula to scrape algae
  • 4. Dioecious

Class Amphibia

Trochophores

Chordata

Annelida

Arthropoda

Polychaeta

  • "many hair", 8000 species
  • 1. Habitat
  • Mainly marine, burrowing, coral reefs, mucus tubes
  • 2. Parapodia
  • "beside, or almost foot"
  • Gas exchange and motility (bundles of setae)
  • 3. Nutrition
  • Filter feeders, scavengers, carnivores, herbivores
  • Open circulatory system
  • Pumps blood into hemocoel (tissue spaces)
  • Metamorphosis often present
  • Reduces competition between immature and adult states
  • Variety of gas exchange organs
  • Gills
  • Booklungs
  • Tracheae

Oligochaeta

  • "few hair" 3100 species
  • 1. Habitat
  • Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine
  • 2. Gas exchange across a body wall
  • 3. Beneficial to agriculture
  • break up, enrich, and aerate soil by burrowing
  • Form castings, 15 tons soil/acre/year
  • Vegetation shredders- increases surface area
  • General Lophotrochozoan
  • Metameric body
  • rings externally, septa internally
  • 1. Each segment controlled independently
  • 2. Lessens impact of injury
  • 3. Allos specialization of body parts for specific functions = tagmatization
  • Setae- bristles (help anchor worm)
  • Hydrostatic skeleton- from coelom (tube within a tube)
  • Circular and longitudinal muscles
  • Specialized 1-way digestive tract
  • Pharynx --> esophagus --> crop --> gizzard --> intestine --> anus
  • Nervous system
  • Brain with ventral solid nerve chord
  • Ganglion in each segment
  • Excretory system
  • 1 pair of nephridia per segment
  • Asexual/ sexual reproduction
  • Monoecious/ dioecious
  • Ecdysozoan, "jointed foot"
  • 1 million species (3/4 described species)
  • Ver diverse, most successful animals, greatest # of species
  • Segmented body with specialization of body regiobs for specific functions (tagmatization)
  • Head, thoax, abdomen (tagmata)
  • Exoskeleton- composed of chitin (polysaccharide)
  • 1. Prevents water loss
  • 2. Protection
  • 3. Support
  • 4. Muscle attachment
  • *Shed at intervals (molting or ecdysis)
  • Major energy expenditure
  • Vulnerable
  • Paired, jointed appendages
  • Legs, antennae, mouthparts
  • Well-developed nervous system
  • Brain and ventral chord
  • Functions at local level
  • Compound and simple eye

Hirudinae

  • Leeches
  • 1. Habitat
  • Freshwater, terrestrial, marine
  • 2. Prey on small invertebrates or vertebrate body fluids
  • 3. Anterior and posterior suckers
  • Secrete hirudin (powerful anticoagulant)
  • Prevents blood from clotting
  • 4. Used in medicinal practices

Trochophores

Vertebrates

Invertebrates

Origin of Vertebrates

  • A. Evolved during Cambrian period (550 mya) from protovertebrate (possibly urochordate larva)
  • B. Natural selection may have reinforced paedogenesis development of sexual maturity in larval form
  • *Milestone in vertebrate evolution

Vertebrate Characteristics

  • Retain all characteristics as embryos
  • A. Notochd is replaced by vertebral column = vertebrae
  • B. Skull/ Cranium- encloses and protects brain (high degree of cephalization with complex sense organs)
  • C. Jointed endoskeleton- bone or cartilage, protection and muscle attachment, huge support role
  • D. Closed cirulatory system and efficient gas exchange
  • Large coelom and complete digestive tract
  • E. Kidney- excretion (nitrogenous wastes) and osmoregulation (water and salt balance)
  • F. Dioecious- sexual reproduction
  • Internal/ external fertilization
  • G. 6 extant classes + 1 extinct class
  • 4 fish
  • Agnatha
  • Placodermi (extinct)
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteichthyes
  • 3 Tetrapods
  • Amphibia
  • Reptilia (including bird-like reptiles)
  • Mammalia

Subphylum Crustacea

Subphylum Uniramia

Class Hexapoda

Subphylum Urochordata

No Jaws

Jaws

Classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia

Superclass Agnathan

  • "hard-shelled" (CaCO3 in exoskeleton)
  • Crayfish, lobsters
  • A. Habitat
  • All aquatic except soem crabs and isopods
  • B. Two segments
  • Cephalothorax (carapace) and abdomen
  • C. Jointed appendages:
  • Two pair of antennae
  • Jawlike mandibles
  • Maxillae- food handling
  • 5 pairs of walking legs- 1st pair claws or chelipeds
  • Swimmerets
  • Powerful tail
  • D. Regenerate legs or claws
  • Autotomy- "self cut"
  • E. Feed on dead, decaying organisms, invertebrates, plants

Subphylum Chelicerata

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

  • Tunicates (sea squirts)
  • Possess all chordate characteristics as larvae
  • Adult only have pharyngeal gill slits
  • Sessile filter feeders
  • 2 siphons, touch tunic
  • A. Lack jaws and paired appendages
  • B. Cartilaginous skeletons (notochord present)
  • C. Ostracoderms were some of the first jawless fishes
  • Armor of bony plates
  • Filter feeders
  • D. Jawless fishes declined and disappeared during the Devonian (400 mya) only 60 species exist today
  • (1) Hagfish- marine scavengers (most primitive vertebrates)
  • (2) Lampreys- eel-like parasites, raspig tongue and teeth alternate between lakes/ocean and freshwater streams
  • "one lobe"
  • Insects, centipedes, millipedes

Superclass Myriapoda

no teeth

teeth

Class Diplopoda

  • "three lobes"
  • Best known Cambrian period fossils
  • Now extinct (600 mya-345 mya)
  • Speedy, agility, keen vision
  • Successful, bottom dwellers
  • Left a good indention on fossil record due to their abundance

Insects and Humans

  • "thousand leggers"
  • Millipedes
  • 1-2 pairs legs/body segment
  • Cylindrical, worm-like body
  • Habitat- damp terrestrial environments
  • Herbivores

Subphylum Cephalochrodata

Placodermi

  • Only 0.5% insects adversely influence human health
  • Pollinations of apprx 65% plant species
  • Biological control
  • Nutrient cycling
  • Food webs
  • Insect damage to US crops

Class Chilopoda

  • "hundred leggers" centipedes
  • 1 pair legs/body segment
  • (1st pair modified into fangs with poison glands)
  • Body elongated and flattened
  • Habitat- damp terrestrial environments

no lungs

lungs

  • A. Class Placodermi "platelike armor, skin"
  • Replaced agnathans
  • First appeared 400 mya
  • (1) Paired fins- enhanced swimming
  • (2) Hinged jaws-developed from anterior gill support rods/ arches
  • **Paired fins and hinged jaws allowed for fish diversification; enhanced fitness of species, active predation
  • (3) Disappered
  • Lancelets, Amphioxus
  • 1. Marine filter feeders, resemble fish
  • 2. Burrow into sand with head exposed
  • 3. Retain all chrodate characeristics as adult
  • 4. Segmented muscles in tail...

Class Arachnida

Chondrichthyes

4 limbs

not 4 limbs

Osteichthyes

B. Class Chondrichthyes- "cartilage fish" 850 species, sharks, skates, rays

(1) Cartilaginous skeleton

(2) Aquatic habitat- majority marine

(3) Jaws and 2 sets of paired fins

(4) Dermal, placoid scales- posteriorly pointed

(5) Sense electric currents

Keen sense of smell

Lateral line system- sense pressure

(6) Oviparous, viviparous (uterus, live birth), Ovoviviparous (uterus, eggs in womb, born live)

General Fish Characteristics

  • D. Predatory- live on liquid diet
  • Secrete enzymes on prey to digest, suck up liquid
  • E. Book lungs
  • Gas exchange
  • Prevent water loss
  • F. Malpighian Tubules
  • Excretory organs
  • Concentrate wastes as uric acid (dry crystals- conserve water)
  • G. Several pairs of eyes and sensory hairs
  • H. Spinneretes
  • Make silk (liquid protein)
  • Polymerizes in air (drop lines- escaping predation)
  • Egg cases , shrouds, webs, nests, dispersal
  • I. Dioecious
  • J. Spiders and humans
  • Some beneficial
  • Some venomous (black widow and brown recluse)

no amniotic egg

amniotic egg

amphibians

Orders in Amphibia

  • A. Order Caudata"tail to bear"; 350 species
  • Salamanders, newts
  • Internal fertilization in female cloaca
  • Cloaca is a common chamber to urinary, digestive and reproductive tracts
  • B. Order Gymnophiona
  • 160 species
  • Caecillians
  • Legless burrowers
  • Retractable tentacles
  • C. Order Anura 'without tail"
  • 3500 species
  • Frogs and toads
  • variety of adaptations for terrestrial habitat
  • Gastric brooding frog

mammary glands

mammalia

no mammary glands

Reptilia

Phylogeny

  • A. "Age of Mammals" 70 mya
  • Adaptive radiation following extinction of the dinosaurs
  • B. First Mammals
  • 300-220 mya (before birds)
  • Share amniote ancestor with reptiles
  • Only survivors of therapsid line
  • Ex: Pelycosaur Dimetrodon
  • First mammals were probably nocturnal, shrew-like

no feathers

feathers

birds

  • C. Class Osteichthyes "bony fish"
  • Most abundant and diverse class of vertebrates, 25,000 species
  • (1) Evolved in freshwater not sea
  • (2) Bony skeleton and scales (with mucus)
  • (3) Paired fins-flexible --> steering and propulsion
  • (4) Operculum- protective flap over gills
  • (5) First bony fishes had lung in addition to gills- used as supplementary gas exchange organ
  • (6) Most oviparous with external fertilization
  • (7) 2 lineages of bony fish

Mammalian Characteristics

Bird Evolution

  • 4800 species (17 orders)
  • A. Hair
  • Contains protein keratin
  • Insulation
  • Camouflage
  • Sensory perception
  • Protection
  • Warning coloration
  • B. Endothermic
  • C. Mammary glands
  • Produce milk
  • Similar to scent and musk glands
  • D. Internal Fertilization
  • E. Well developed nervous system
  • Highly intelligent with large brain
  • Olfactory, visual and auditory senses
  • Complex behaviors
  • F. Circulatory
  • 4 chambered heart and double loop circulatory system
  • Complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • G. Gas exchange
  • Lungs- invagination of body surface
  • Alveoli- site of gas exchange
  • Blind pouch construction- reduces water loss
  • Limited gas exchange efficiency- only 25% O2 removed from air
  • Diaphram and intercostal muscles (ventilate lungs) - negative pressure
  • H. Excretory system
  • Mammals use kidneys to excrete nitrogenous wastes as urea
  • I. Digestive Adaptations
  • (1) Dentition
  • Carnivores- canines and incisors
  • Herbivores- molars with large surface area and small incisors
  • Omnivores- unspecialized
  • (2) Length of digestive system- correlates with diet
  • Herbivores have longer alimentary canal relative to body size than carnivores
  • (3) Specialized fermentation chambers
  • Symbiotic bacteria and protozoa (convent cellulose to sugar)
  • Cecum- horses, rabbits, koala
  • Rumen- cows, sheep , deer
  • (4) Tongues- protrusible
  • Anteaters and Mexican long-tongued bat
  • A. Evolved approx. 200 mya
  • B. Archaeopteryx- "ancient wing"
  • Discovered in Bavaria, Germany in 1861
  • Dated at 150 mya
  • Small, bipedal, carnivorous
  • Bird-like characteristics
  • Wishbone, feathers, wings
  • Reptilian Characteristics
  • Clawed forelimbs, teeth, long tail
  • Other fossil "bird-reptiles" have been discovered in Texas, Spain and China
  • Sinosauropteryx- early feathered, flightless dinosaur
  • A. Origin- primitive amphibians about 280 mya
  • B. Three lineages
  • (1) Turtles- no skull openings behind eye orbit
  • (2) All other reptiles + birds- 2 openings behind orbit
  • (3) Mammals- one opening behind orbit
  • Subclass Sarcopterygii
  • Fleshy muscular fins
  • Lungfishes- 3 genera in Australia, S America etc still use lung for gas exchange
  • Lobe-finned fishes- stubby fins, supported by skeletal extensions now lungless
  • Ancestors of amphibians
  • Ex) Coelcanth
  • (b) Subclass Actinopterygii
  • Ray finned fish
  • Most modern bony fish
  • Lung developed into swim bladder (to change fish buoyancy)

Class Reptilia Characteristics

Class Mammalia

  • Diversity represented by 3 groups
  • A. Monotremes- "one hole"
  • Egg laying mammals
  • (1) Duck-billed platypus and echidna
  • (2) Endothermic
  • (3) Eggs deposited in the ground-incubated by female
  • (4) Milk seeps from modified sweat glands (no nipples)
  • B. Marsupials- "pouch"
  • Pouched mammals
  • (1) kangaroos, koalas, opposums
  • (2) Develops in female, gestation period is short
  • (3) Continues development in pouch
  • (4) Lower metabolic rate than placental mammals
  • C. Placental Mammals
  • (1) Placenta- organ of exchange between maternal and fetal blood
  • (2) Born in more advanced stage of development
  • (3) Diversified rapidly (70-45 mya)
  • (4) Varied dentition
  • A. Paired limbs-
  • 2 pairs of limbs with 5 toes
  • B. Thick, scaly skin with keratin
  • To prevent water loss
  • 6000 species
  • C. Amniotic egg
  • With leathery shell and extraembryonic membranes
  • Chorion- gas exchange
  • Allantois- excretion
  • Amnion- surrounds amniotic fluid
  • Yolk sac- nourish embryo
  • D. Internal fertilization
  • Oviparous, some ovoviviparous, viviparous
  • E. Ectothermic- "cold blooded"
  • Do not use metabolism to control body temp
  • Behavioral adaptations used to regulate temperature
  • Survive on 10% of calories required by equal size mammal
  • F. Gas exchange
  • More efficient lungs than amphibians
  • Expandable rib cage with negative pressure breathing
  • G. Circulation
  • Double loop circulatory pathway
  • Ventricle septum- prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxigenated blood
  • 3 or 4 chambered heart (crocs)
  • H. Excretion and Osmoregulation
  • (1) efficient kidneys excrete uric acid- dry excretory product
  • (2) osmoregualtion
  • Marine turtles exrete excress salt through modified tear glands
  • Marine iguanas excrete salt through nasal salt gland
  • Sea snakes- excrete excess salt though salivary gland
  • I. Digestion adaptations
  • (1) Snakes have fangs and posteriorly pointed teeth
  • (2) gizzard
  • Crocs have a muscular gizzard with gastroliths for grinding food, bones shells and horns
  • (3) Regulate body temp for optimal digestion
  • Crocodillians preferred body temp is 88 degrees F
  • (4) Venom glands
  • Used by snakes to capture prey
  • Not really for defense since it is metabolically expensive
  • 30 orders
  • Beak and feet type
  • Habitat and behavior
  • A. Order Chelonia- turtles and tortoises
  • 225 species
  • Marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments
  • Shell fused with ribs and thoracic vertebrae
  • Lack teeth but have sharp beak
  • B. Order Squamata
  • Scale to bear
  • Lizards and snakes
  • (1) 5600 species, most abundant and diverse order
  • (2) didn't get this....
  • C. Order Crocodillia
  • (1) Crocs and alligators, 21 species
  • (2) Living reptiles most closely related to dinos and birds
  • (3) Exhibit parental care and nest building
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