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We can’t easily search for one specific car in a field of distractor cars with similar features, because the featural configuration for each car cannot be represented until that car is individually selected and its representation is built in the later stages of the visual system.
The binding problem refers to how the brain preconsciously combines visual features to create coherent mental equivalents.
1. The Psychophysical Evidence Review for a Binding Problem
in Human Vision Jeremy M. Wolfe*‡ and Kyle R. Cave†
2. Conjunction of Color and Form W ithout A ttention: Evidence From an O rientation-C ontingentColor Aftereffect
3. Treisman, A . (1977). Focused attention in the perception and retrieval of multidimensional stimuli. Perception Psychophysics, 22
4. Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of at- tention. Cognitive Psychology
McCullough Effect
Visual system has such binding problem
This argument was started by Houck and Hoffman, they claimed that features are not entirely independent in the absence of attention.
Their experiment was inspired by McCullough Effect
Visual system has no Absolute binding problem
task: report the digits
According to FIT, the reason for the greater difficulty in the binding search is that the binding step takes time and can only be performed in one location at a time.
POP-OUT
Feature Search
Feature search
Conjunction Search
accurate in reporting the two digits
Mistakes occurred with both letters and abstract shapes and included all the features tested(color, shape, size, and solidity).
Feature search is defined as a parallel process in which the target and distractors are maximally different, differentiated by a single property such as color and shape, etc.
Treisman and Gelade(1980)
No binding steps
Such misconception were the most striking evidence for binding
Visual Search
Preattentive stage location is independent.
A reasonable explanation is that on the left hand the 3 oblique elements have the feature ‘oblique’ that is so different with the distractors.
To support the FIT, researchers often refer to patients suffering from Balint's syndrome. People who suffered this disease are unable to focus attention on individual objects.
Originally support this hypothesis
in conjunction search
subjects did not report the conjunction features accurately unless they also correctly reported the location of those features.
location cued
accuracy of color and shape was independent
color cued
accuracy of shape depend on the accuracy of location
conjecture and guess
six shapes,six colors
more trials
the accuracy of color and shape is not independent
both right or both wrong
very small evidence for the dissociation
relationship
precedence for identification over location
equality
Other features
Conjunction Search occurs when the target and the distractors share similarities in more than one single visual property.
Letter Migrations
viewed “LINE” and “LACE→report seeing “LICE” or “LANE”
illusory conjunctions occur more often when attention is diverted
Abstract errors
RED YELLOW BLUE GREEN PINK
IC: "+"
two lines were more likely to combine
if they were both part of the same
perceptual group of circles.
No clear evidence for dissociation
binding in preattentive stage
content: the subjects were briefly presented a string of three colored letters that formed either a word or a nonword. Each string contained either the target letter R or the target letter G, and there were four possible colors.The subject’s task was to identify the target (R or G) and to name its color.
IC: more illusory conjunctions when the letters formed a word or a pronounceable nonword than when the letter string was unpronounceable.
misconception of arrow or triangle
No meaning of such experiments
problem:reaction time data
hard to decide it is due to failure of processing or failure of memory(stimuli is gone)
PRE-ATTENTION -- perceptual processing prior to attention
ATTENTION -- "glues" features together to give us perception of objects
Search for red vertical items. On the left side of this figure, the task is a relatively easy “guided” search. On the right, the same red vertical element is very difficult to find because all of the elements contain the features “red,” “green,” “vertical,” and “horizontal.”
Binding features into representation of object need attention
√encoding strategy used in particular task rather than
the basic properties of visual representations
objects could correctly conjoined without attention
attention did not assure correct feature combinations
illusory conjunction→ coarse coding of feature information
failure of memory
same stimuli → different patterns of errors → subjects’ expectations
Q and P → report R → cued to see only uppercase letters
→ mislocating entire letters → not know what would appaer
1.IC can be evidence of some sort of problem
2.Illusory conjunction phenomena can occur when linkages break down at any of a number of levels of processing
3.These linkages may be built by attention