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The Psychophysical Evidence for

a Binding Problem in Human Vision

We can’t easily search for one specific car in a field of distractor cars with similar features, because the featural configuration for each car cannot be represented until that car is individually selected and its representation is built in the later stages of the visual system.

Visual Process

Where is my car Jesus Christ!

Binding problem

When is Binding a Problem?

The binding problem refers to how the brain preconsciously combines visual features to create coherent mental equivalents.

THANKS!

Why we study this problem??

Reference

1. The Psychophysical Evidence Review for a Binding Problem

in Human Vision Jeremy M. Wolfe*‡ and Kyle R. Cave†

2. Conjunction of Color and Form W ithout A ttention: Evidence From an O rientation-C ontingentColor Aftereffect

3. Treisman, A . (1977). Focused attention in the perception and retrieval of multidimensional stimuli. Perception Psychophysics, 22

4. Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of at- tention. Cognitive Psychology

Sisi Wang SN:7150183

Haorang Deng SN: 7070439

Evidence that There IS Not an Absolute Binding problem

Evidence that There IS Not an Absolute Binding problem

Side B

Side A

McCullough Effect

Visual system has such binding problem

This argument was started by Houck and Hoffman, they claimed that features are not entirely independent in the absence of attention.

Their experiment was inspired by McCullough Effect

Visual system has no Absolute binding problem

Test !

task: report the digits

Explanation

Feature Search & Conjunction Search

According to FIT, the reason for the greater difficulty in the binding search is that the binding step takes time and can only be performed in one location at a time.

POP-OUT

Feature Search

Feature search

Treisman and Schmidt’s (1982)

Conjunction Search

accurate in reporting the two digits

Mistakes occurred with both letters and abstract shapes and included all the features tested(color, shape, size, and solidity).

Feature search is defined as a parallel process in which the target and distractors are maximally different, differentiated by a single property such as color and shape, etc.

Illusory Conjunction

Feature Integration Theory

Treisman and Gelade(1980)

No binding steps

Dissociate identification and location of features

Such misconception were the most striking evidence for binding

Visual Search

Explanation

Preattentive stage location is independent.

A reasonable explanation is that on the left hand the 3 oblique elements have the feature ‘oblique’ that is so different with the distractors.

Balint's syndrome

To support the FIT, researchers often refer to patients suffering from Balint's syndrome. People who suffered this disease are unable to focus attention on individual objects.

Treisman and Gelade (1980)

Color and shape are combined via location

Nissen (1985)

Conjunction Search

Originally support this hypothesis

in conjunction search

subjects did not report the conjunction features accurately unless they also correctly reported the location of those features.

location cued

accuracy of color and shape was independent

color cued

accuracy of shape depend on the accuracy of location

Johnston and Pashler (1990)

Monheit and Johnston (1994)

conjecture and guess

six shapes,six colors

more trials

the accuracy of color and shape is not independent

both right or both wrong

Texture Segmentation

very small evidence for the dissociation

relationship

precedence for identification over location

equality

Other features

Conjunction Search occurs when the target and the distractors share similarities in more than one single visual property.

Mozer(1983); McClelland and Mozer(1986)

Letter Migrations

viewed “LINE” and “LACE→report seeing “LICE” or “LANE”

illusory conjunctions occur more often when attention is diverted

Virzi and Egeth (1984)

Abstract errors

RED YELLOW BLUE GREEN PINK

Conclusion

Prinzmetal (1981)

IC: "+"

two lines were more likely to combine

if they were both part of the same

perceptual group of circles.

Prinzmetal and Millis-Wright (1984)

No clear evidence for dissociation

binding in preattentive stage

content: the subjects were briefly presented a string of three colored letters that formed either a word or a nonword. Each string contained either the target letter R or the target letter G, and there were four possible colors.The subject’s task was to identify the target (R or G) and to name its color.

IC: more illusory conjunctions when the letters formed a word or a pronounceable nonword than when the letter string was unpronounceable.

Saarine(1996)

Treisman and Paterson (1984)

misconception of arrow or triangle

No meaning of such experiments

Feature Integration Theory

Explanation

problem:reaction time data

hard to decide it is due to failure of processing or failure of memory(stimuli is gone)

PRE-ATTENTION -- perceptual processing prior to attention

ATTENTION -- "glues" features together to give us perception of objects

Search for red vertical items. On the left side of this figure, the task is a relatively easy “guided” search. On the right, the same red vertical element is very difficult to find because all of the elements contain the features “red,” “green,” “vertical,” and “horizontal.”

Binding features into representation of object need attention

Disagreement

Butler, Mewhort, and Browse (1991)

Tsal (1989)

√encoding strategy used in particular task rather than

the basic properties of visual representations

objects could correctly conjoined without attention

attention did not assure correct feature combinations

illusory conjunction→ coarse coding of feature information

failure of memory

same stimuli → different patterns of errors → subjects’ expectations

Q and P → report R → cued to see only uppercase letters

→ mislocating entire letters → not know what would appaer

Conclusions

1.IC can be evidence of some sort of problem

2.Illusory conjunction phenomena can occur when linkages break down at any of a number of levels of processing

3.These linkages may be built by attention

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