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Technology: The Printing Press

Printing in China and Korea

The world's first movable type printing press technology was invented and developed in China by the Han Chinese printer Bi Sheng between the years 1041 and 1048.

The Han Chinese later transmitted this technology to the Imperial Chinese tributary state of Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, the Korean inventors subsequently made many new technological improvements and innovations upon the original Han Chinese technology and in 1234 created the world's first metal movable-type printing press technology for printing paper books.

This led to the printing of a Korean book, using the ancient Chinese writing system, known in Korean as the Jikji in 1377, it is the oldest extant movable metal printed book in the entire world.

Printing in Europe

The Printing Press: a device for evenly printing ink onto a print medium such as paper or cloth. The device applies pressure to a print medium that rests on an inked surface made of movable type, thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as among the most influential events in human history, revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.

The invention of movable type mechanical printing technology in Europe is credited to the German printer Johannes Gutenberg in 1450. The exact date of Gutenberg's press is debated based on existing screw presses.

Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed a printing system by both adapting existing technologies and making inventions of his own. His newly devised hand mould made possible the rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. The printing press displaced earlier methods of printing and led to the first assembly line-style mass production of books.

A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to about 2,000 by typographic block-printing and a few by hand-copying.

Recording and Communicating information:

Handwritten: 68 characters per minute (average American adult)

Impacts on European Society

Typed: Slow: 23 words per minute. Moderate: 35 words per minute. Fast: 40 words per minute.

Information about geography, science, literature, and news could be copied quickly and passed on easily in form of books, charts, and maps. Books of bestselling authors such as Luther (German friar, Catholic and Lutheran priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation) and Erasmus (Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian) were sold by the hundreds of thousands in their lifetime.

The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and (revolutionary) ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities; the sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class. Across Europe, the increasing cultural self-awareness of its people led to the rise of proto-nationalism, accelerated by the flowering of the European vernacular languages.

Geography: Benefit

Access to Water: Even though Europe is the second smallest continent, they have much more access to water. Very few Western Powers were landlocked. All of our focus nations have direct access to waterways.

Technology: Navigational Instruments

Sea Astrolabe: an inclinometer used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the sun's noon altitude (declination) or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination. They were designed to allow for their use on boats in rough water and/or in heavy winds.

Quadrant: A quarter circle that is used to measure angles up to 90°. This allowed mariners to determine their location at sea based on heavenly bodies (sun, moon, planets, stars).

How do you know where to go?

How do you know where you are at?

Geography: Need

European Diseases

Europe: Land mass: 3,837,000 Sq. Miles (9,938,000 Sq. Km)

Percentage of total land area on Earth's surface 6.7%

European Population: 81,000-126,000

(World Population: 600,000-640,000)

Technology: Advancements in Ship Design

Economic Interest: Spices

The Caravel: small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore previously unknown areas. The lateen (triangular) sails gave her speed and the capacity for sailing to windward (beating).

The Stern-Post-Rudder: primary control surface used to steer a ship through water. During this time Europeans moved theirs from the sides of boats to the stern (back).

24 Hours Walking: 3 mph pace

24 Hours Driving: 60 mph pace

24 Hours Biking: 9.6 mph pace

Spices: Lacking refrigeration Europeans used

Salt to preserve their meat (think beef jerky).

Spices like Salt and Pepper were highly sought

after and expensive. Spices did not grow in Europe, so European traders brought them from the far east. The competition for finding a quicker, safer, and cheaper route drove Europeans to explore both land and sea routes to Asia.

Sugar and Colonialism

Economic Interest: Sugar

As countries like Spain, Portugal, and England began to colonize the "New World", they brought sugarcane with them. The climate of the Caribbean islands and parts of South America were ideal for growing sugarcane. This plant/product heavily influenced slavery as it became more of a commodity in Western Europe. In European colonies in the Caribbean and Latin America, African and Indigenous slaves worked in extremely dangerous conditions and cruelty to create a product that is so engrained in our lives today.

Sugar is an ingredient that comes from the sugarcane plant. This plant was originally found in Southeast Asia and moved west around 510 AD by Persian royalty. Refined sugar continued to gain popularity over the centuries. During this time, sugar was used in extremely small quantities. It was introduced to Europeans as a result of the Crusades in the 11th century. Refined sugar quickly became a luxury item for Europeans. It was priced at approximately $100 per kilo by today's standards.

Technology: Weapons

Europeans conquered the Amerindian peoples in the 16th and 17th centuries. Steel steamships helped European empires expand inland in Africa and Asia. Much of this exploration was done at the point of a gun and once Europeans had staked their claims to land, their weaponry helped to secure the land for decades to come. The chief improvement in weaponry that affected European imperial ventures was the refinement of the gun (based on their development of steel and other metals).

Note: Guns were not new to Africans, as they had been used in North Africa since the sixteenth century. Yet, as Europeans moved further inland in Africa, they encountered fewer people with guns. Their opponents were more likely to carry swords and shields and charge out from castles than to employ guns and ammunition.

Economic Interest: Gold

Gold: Not just wealth, but literal gold bars,

jewelry, idols, statues, coins or any other

pieces they could find. This could be traded for, taken by force, or collected as tribute from the native populations.

European Imperialism

Learning Target 2: This means I understand that multiple factors made it possible for the nations of Western Europe to colonize much of the world.

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