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CFCl3 → CFCl22 + Cl

CF2Cl2 → CF2Cl + Cl

Cl + O3→ ClO + O2

ClO + O → Cl + O2

O3 + O → 2O2

This formula shows the reaction of CFCl3 (a chlorofluorocarbon) with ozone (O3) to produce two particle of oxygen gas. Over time, this results in an overall loss of ozone particles, because this reaction happens in much larger quantities than the reaction that creates ozone. Chlorine (Cl) is a catalyst in this reaction, with each atom being able to destroy 100 000 ozone molecules before being removed by another reaction. The latter half of this formula can also be replicated with nitrogen oxide (NO) taking the place of chlorine.

O3(g) + UV radiation → O2(g) + O(g) + Heat

This formula shows the natural destruction of ozone and how ozone absorbs UV radiation, converting it to heat. The radiation decomposes the ozone into O2 molecules and oxygen gas, but also destroys the harmful UV rays in the process.

O2(g) + UV radiation → 2 O(g) + Heat

O(g) + O2(g) → O3(g)

This formula demonstrates the production of ozone. It is extremely unstable and reactive, much more so than O2 gas, but in the stratosphere, is very beneficial to humans. In this reaction, UV radiation is also converted into heat.

Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer

Tom and Kaitlyn 9C

Ways to limit use of CFC's

If you live in a country that still creates or uses products that contain CFC's, there are a few ways that you can personally lit your use of CFC's. Instead of using hair spray or spray deodorant, you can use hair gel or stick deodorant. Small changes like these will add up to make a lasting impact on our world

The chemical formula for chlorofluorocarbons is...

C

Cl

F

4-m

m

The world as a whole can work towards reducing the need for CFC's by providing those that live in hot climates with free pools, allowing them to cool off in ways that do not involve harming our atmosphere. Countries or areas with colder climates, such as Edmonton should outlaw air conditioning completely, as it is certainly not necessary, and not worth the consequences that come with it.

Ozone Layer

How Ozone Is Formed- chemical reaction

And the chemical

formula for ozone is...

Steps Taken to Reduce CFC emissions.

O

3

O

Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere

The big step taken to eliminate the use of CFC's was the Montreal Protocol. It obliged almost all countries that signed the document to stop using any CFC's by 1996. Because of this document, scientists synthesized and researched new chemicals to replace CFC's, such as hydrofluorocarbons, fluorocarbons, and, in some instances, butane, pentane and ammonia.

The impacts of CFC's are huge. In this image, we can see a large "hole" in the Ozone layer which can allow dangerous amounts of UV radiation through the atmosphere. This caused humans to try and identify ways to prevent use of CFC's.

  • Ozone is an allotrope of the element oxygen
  • Protects the Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays, which can cause cancer and other harmful diseases
  • Blocks almost all solar radiation with wavelengths of less than 290 nanometers from reaching the Earth's surface
  • 90% of ozone is in the stratosphere (the ozone layer)
  • Peak concentrations of ozone are found 20-28 km above the Earth's surface

Human Activities that produce this gas

CFC Statistics

Bibliography

CFC Concentration Over Time

Chlorofluorocarbons are released into the air through:

Since their introduction in the 1930's, CFC's increased in concentration, until the Montreal Protocol, where most CFC concentrations plateaued or even decreased.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/437240/ozone-layer

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/ozone-layer.htm

http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/science/sc_fact.html

http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2003-516

http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=114

http://www.ozoneunit.me/en/ozone/how-is-the-ozone-created-and-disappearing/

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ghg/ghg5-online.html

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.html

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/atmo/ozone.htm

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ozone/ozone.html

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=49040

http://www.theozonehole.com/cfc.htm

Chlorofluorocarbons

  • CFCs are a man made substance, meaning that any production of this gas it human-caused
  • CFC's are an ingredient in coolants (used in refrigerators and air conditioners), propellants (used in aerosol applications) and in solvents.
  • CFC's are also used in the production of Teflon, with billions of kilograms being produced annually for this purpose

-Propellants in aerosols (especially medicinal aerosols)

-Refrigeration and air conditioning

-Blowing agents for foams

-Solvents, degreasing agents and cleaning agents

Ozone Statistics

Compared to the 1930's, CFC levels have increased exponentially, as they were widely used for various applications. For example, in the year 1945, the concentration of CFC-11 was 0.1 ppt, in contrast to 2013, where the concentration was 236 ppt. This is still a vast improvement from 1994, where the concentration was at 270 ppt. This was the highest concentration of CFC-11 ever, where it eventually began its gradual decline. Concentrations of various types of CFC's throughout the years are shown in the graph to the right.

Ozone is measured in Dobson Units. A Dobson Unit is the amount of ozone molecules that would make a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere

The stratospheric ozone concentration has been showing a decreasing trend. However, in recent years since protocols have been put into effect, the ozone layer has somewhat rebounded, with the ozone hole shrinking slightly. The diagram to the left and graph below show the exact statistics.

No natural disasters are known to directly release CFC's. However, an earthquake, for example, may cause a refrigerator to break, indirectly releasing CFC's.

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