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DNA Chips

DNA's Structure:

Other names for DNA chips:

  • SNP chips
  • Biochips
  • DNA microarrays
  • Gene arrays
  • Microarray chips
  • Affymetrix, Inc. has patented a DNA chip with its own trademark, Gene chip

SNPs and CNPs:

  • account for 0.4% differences in human DNA sequences; (human DNA sequences are 99.6% the same!)
  • SNPs (small variations) account for 80% of the differences
  • CNPs (larger variants) account for 20% of the differences

SNPs:

  • single nucleotide polymorphisms (variation in a population as a result of only one DNA base being different in a sequence)
  • 3,750,000 in the average person
  • Haplotype Maps (HAPMAP) show locations/addresses of SNPs in a human's

DNA sequence

  • frequently occurring SNPs cause common diseases; people who share a common disease have identical sets of SNPs that differ from those in people who do not have the disease
  • responsible for variation in human personality
  • cause Neuropsychiactric Disorders
  • DNA chips are used to locate them

Composition of DNA chips:

  • made of glass
  • comprised of DNA base sequences/oligonucleotide arrays that were created in a labratory

-microarray chips: arrays are 200 microns in diameter

-macroarray chips: arrays are 300 microns in diameter

-Probes: DNA fragments read

5' to 3' have known locations and

sequences

-Unknown DNA segments are

read 3' to 5' and have neon labels

How DNA chips work:

  • clearly-labeled probes (50-50,000 bases)

are placed either manually or robotically

over glass chip of unknown segments

  • Unknown segments combine

with the known fragments to form

a double helix via complementary base pairing

and hybridization (hydrogen bond connection)

  • Laser scanner analyzes the neon (unknown)

segments on the double helix to determine the

previously unknown locations of these SNP sequences

How DNA chips help:

  • molecular biologists

used to only be able study

study one gene at a time

  • DNA chips depict an

organism's entire genome

and thus allow biologists

to study multiple genes

simultaneously

Functions of DNA chips:

  • expose the presence of a person's genes for certain traits, diseases, and disorders
  • show the DNA sequences that code for specific genes, so scientists can recognize gene

mutations and pinpoint the causes of traits, diseases, and disorders

  • allow scientists to determine the frequency of a specific gene within a population
  • explain why some drugs work well in some people, but not others based on their

genetic make-up

  • show how some genes alter themselves in response to contact with specific toxicants

Research:

  • 1000 Genome Project

-began in 2008

-scientists from the United States, Germany, China, and the United Kingdom

-studied locations of SNPs and CNPs

-in the process of formulating a catalog that includes all variants in human beings

-study individual genomes of 2,000 diverse anonymous people

-provide a resource for researchers working with DNA chips and other medical studies

Cost of tests:

  • entire genome: currently $25,000
  • certain SNPs that cause common diseases and disorders: currently $1,000
  • researchers and scientists predict that as time passes, DNA chips will become cheaper and more accessible
  • entire genome: $1,000 in 2014; $100 in 2020

Where will DNA chips be kept?

  • needs to be extremely secure
  • in a personal safe at home?
  • in a vault at the bank?
  • pre-determined by testing companies? accessible at all times or only on specific occassions?

Job Discrimination:

  • employers might pay for or force prospective

employees to include a copy of their (and their family's)

genome(s) with their resume

-might base decision on whether the person or a loved one

will have a future disorder or disease that could inhibit

work performance

Who gets to know your genome?

  • Do you have to share this information with your spouse, family, the government, employers, insurance companies, friends, etc.?
  • potential to violate privacy

Violate a Person's Right to Ignorance of the Future:

  • make it more difficult for one to live in present
  • more anxiety and worry if you know that you or a loved one will suffer from a specific disease or disorder in the future
  • potential to heighten use of harmful coping mechanisms (i.e. alchoholism, drug abuse, suicide, etc.)
  • violate natural course of life
  • some religions might view DNA chips as an attempt to replace God or a higher power because now humans are "all-knowing" too

By Cailin Holle

Click anywhere & add an idea

By Cailin

Types of DNA chips:

comprised of thousands of oligonucleotide array (DNA base) sequences

microarray chips: arrays are 200 microns in diameter

macroarray chips: arrays are 300 microns in diameter

Genetic Discrimination:

  • insurance companies might drop or charge extremely high rates for those people who have serious diseases or disorders in their future
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