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“the government needs criticism from its people, without this criticism the government will not be able to function as the “People’s Democratic Dictatorship” Zhou, 1956

“It is here that Stalin showed in a whole series of cases his intolerance, his brutality, and his abuse of power ... he often chose the path of repression and physical annihilation, not only against actual enemies, but also against individuals who had not committed any crimes against the party or the Soviet Government.”

Text of Speech on Stalin by Khrushchev as released by the State Department

„let a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend“

“each political party in China should rule in transitional governments, each with four years term”

“the country should separate with each Political Party controlling a zone of its own”

“intellectuals are virtually being tortured while living in a communist society”

"The CPC should give up power"

“there’s a total lack of freedom if the CPC is continue on ruling the country”

→Party receives millions of letters criticising:

  • corruption
  • bad economy
  • bad living conditions
  • privileges for members of CPC
  • authoritarian attitude
  • no academic freedom
  • congress is too slow in passing and enacting laws

Building up of "Democratic Wall" and creation of posters

Mao and Party are shocked and stop campaign July 1957

Effects of the Hundred Flowers Campaign

The Anti-Rightist Movement

  • first wave accuses 300 000 people of being “Rightists”
  • political persecution of mostly intellectuals
  • purge of the Party
  • against legal system
  • Criticism of Mao or the Party is strictly permitted
  • Loss of individual rights
  • July 1957: Deng Xiaoping starts Anti-Rightist-Campaign
  • ‘On the correct handling of the contradictions of people’ is rewritten and appears in an “Anti-Rightist” piece
  • Change in Maos ideological approach
  • No more dissent
  • Intellectuals fall silent

Explanations for period of liberalization

1. from begin intended to expose rightists and counter revolutionaries

2. movement that grew out of conflicts in party, was only seen negative when criticism went against Mao personally

Speech by Mao to Politburo, April 1956

Speech by Mao to his People 27/2/1957

  • Allowance for criticism
  • Encouragement to debate in art, literature, science
  • People should judge between flowers and poisonous weeds

slow progress, people did not criticize

  • CPC wants to use criticism to improve "self criticism"
  • Criticism is preferred
  • Intellectuals should espouse different and competing ideologies

New ideas should bring China forward

• Mao was encouraged by the events happening in Europe in 1956

The Soviet Union in 1956

  • Relaxation of strict communist control
  • Nikita Khrushchev denunciates the Soviet dictator Stalin in February 1956

Sources

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China/71845/The-transition-to-socialism-1953-57

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign

History, 20th Century World, Authoritarian and Single- Party States, Brian Mimmack, Pearson

The Hundred Flowers Campaign

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