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Chapter 3: Respondent (Classical/Pavlovian) Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Haley Beisler, Precious Burton, Aryn Gribler

Principle of Respondent Conditioning

Behavioral Principles and Procedures

Common Respondently Conditioned Responses

- Essentially ways of manipulating stimuli in order to influence behavior

- We will describe basic principles and procedures of Respondent Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov or Classical Conditioning - First type to be identified)

Respondent Behaviors: Behaviors elicited by prior stimuli and are not affected by their consequences

Example: Salivating when smelling dinner

Unconditioned Reflex: A stimulus-response relationship without any prior learning

Example: "Hard-wired" or inborn

Unconditioned Stimulus: Stimulus that elicits as response without prior learning or conditioning

Unconditioned Response: A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

US vs. UR

Food > Salivation

High Temperature > Sweating

Digestive System:

The salivation reflex is one of the only digestive reflexes that are susceptible to Pavlovian Conditioning

- Example: Lemon gin in the stomach was causing US and nausea as a UR. The taste and smell of lemon gin became a CS.

Circulatory System:

- Feeling embarrassed or having socially inappropriate thoughts are all CSs.

Respiratory System:

- Pavlovian conditioning has also been implicated in influencing coughing, sneezing, and asthma attacks. Dekker and Groen (1956) reported that asthmatic responses have been elicited by such CSs as the sight of horses, birds, etc.

Other Systems:

- Biological Preparedness

- Conditioned taste aversion

Higher-Order Conditioning:

Principle of Respondent Conditioning

The procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another conditioned stimulus, instead of with an unconditioned stimulus.

Example:

1. Child experiencing painful stimuli several times. (Unconditioned Stimulus > Unconditioned Response)

2. Suppose that a parent yells "watch out".

(CS)

3. If the parent utters the same warning for other activities - Gain a general fear

Result: Elicits a response similar to the elicited by painful stimuli.

Conditioned Reflex: When a stimulus elicits a response because of prior respondent conditioning.

Conditioned Stimulus: The stimulus in a conditioned reflex

Conditioned Response: The response in a conditioned reflex.

Procedure: Pair neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Many Pairings NS (sound of classical music)

US (food in mouth) > UR (salivation)

Result: Neutral stimulus acquires ability to elicit response

CS (sound of classical music) > CR (salivation)

Procedures for Eliminating a Conditioned Reflex

Generalization and Discrimination of Respondent Behavior

Applications of Respondent Conditioning and Extinction

An Introduction to Operant Conditioning

Respondent Extinction

Procedure: Present conditioned stimulus repeatedly without furthering pairings with the unconditioned stimulus

Repeated Trials CS (sight of dog) > CR (fear)

Result: Conditioned stimulus loses ability to elicit conditioned response

Stimulus (sight of dog) > No fear reaction

Treatments:

- Fear in a Young Figure Skater

- Aversion Therapy to Treat Alcoholism

- Chronic Constipation

- Nocturnal Enuresis (Bed-Wetting)

Respondent Stimulus Generalization: When an organism has been conditioned so that a particular CS elicits a CR and then a similar stimulus elicits that CR.

Example - Dentist office and drill / Sound of drill eliciting response

Respondent Stimulus Discrimination: A stimulus functions as a CS to elicit a CR because that stimulus has been paired with a US that elicits that CR, but a similar stimulus does not function as a CS for that CR because the second stimulus has been extinction trials.

Example - Experience repeated episodes without pain causes distinction

Reflexes = Respondent Conditioning (Automatic Responses to Stimuli)

Behavior that is influenced by consequences = Operant Behavior

Example:

Turning on water to drink

vs.

Not touching a hot stove

Counterconditioning

Example:

A child who acquired a fear of the sight of dogs. Then this child plays with a friend who has become a CS eliciting feelings of happiness as a CR, and let's suppose that this friend has a dog that does not bark loudly. As the positive conditioned emotional responses will help counteract the negative emotional responses. > This leads to more quickly and effectively eliminating the negative responses.

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