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So What's the Big Deal?

El Niño

  • Species are endemic, rare, and declining

  • Evolution

  • Unique Natural Beauty

Questions?

  • Irregular in occurrences

  • Increases sea surface temperatures

  • Affects are seen world wide

  • Increasing in frequency

Marine Iguanas

Works Cited

  • Inhibit shorelines of all major islands in the archipelago

  • Decreased food availability during El Niño periods

  • Negative impacts on iguanas

Negative Impacts on Other Species

galapagosconservation.org.uk/wildlife/galapagos-penguin/.

“Galapagos Penguin.” Galapagos Conservation Trust, galapagosconservation.org.uk/wildlife/galapagos-penguin/.

Whiteford, K. “Galapagos Islands Landscape.” Public Domain Pictures, www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=30262&picture=galapagos-islands-landscape.

Whiteford, K. “Galapagos Islands Landscape.” Public Domain Pictures, www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=30262&picture=galapagos-islands-landscape.

Zhang, Leduc, Sachs. “El Niño Evolution during the Holocene Revealed by a Biomarker Rain Gauge in the Galápagos Islands.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 13 Sept. 2014, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14004634.

Vinueza, Branch, Branch, Bustamante. "Top-Down Herbivory and Bottom-Up El Nino Effects on Galapagos Rocky-Shore Communities," Ecological Monographs, Wiley, Feb 2006.

Vargas, Harrison, Rea, Macdonald. "Biological effects of El Nino on the Galapagos penguin," Biological Conservation, Elsevier, 8 Jan. 2006.

Steinfartz, Glaberman, Lanterbecq et. al. "Genetic Impact of a Severe El Nino Event on Galapagos Marine Iguanas," Plos One, 12 Dec. 2007.

Trillmich, Fritz, and Kathryn A. Ono. Pinnipeds and El Niño: Responses to Environmental Stress. Ecological Studies, Vol. 88, Springer-Verlag, 1991.

“Galapagos Islands Map.” Visit Galapagos Islands, 22 Apr. 2018, visitgalapagosislands.com/galapagos-islands-map/.

www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=30262&picture=galapagos-islands-landscape.

El Niño in the Galápagos

Galápagos Climate

  • Increased rainfall

  • Huge part of evolutionary history

  • Increased El Niño events disrupt wildlife greatly

visitgalapagosislands.com/galapagos-islands-map/.

www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=30262&picture=galapagos-islands-landscape

Zhang, et. al

The Effects of El Niño on the Galápagos Islands

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