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Neurotransmitter Project

Excitatory Neurontransmitters

This type of neurontransmitter sends excitatory

effects on the neuron, increasing the likelihood

of the neuron firing an action potential.

Excitatory neurotransmitters activate channels

that allow postively charged ions (usually sodium ions) into the atom,creating a voltage across the cell membrane, activating more sodium channels until all are open.

They are what stimulates the brain.

Glutamate

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter

associated with learning and memory.

Discovered by Kikunae Ikeda, it is actually toxic,

in which in excess amounts could kill neurons.

There are two types of of glutamate receptors. An ionotropic glutamate receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor.

Ionotropic receptors, which are quicker at relaying

information, form the ion channel that activates when glutamate binds to the receptor.

Metabotropic receptors activate the ion channels indirectly on the membrane through signaling cascades that involve G proteins.

Continued

In ionotropic receptors, (e.g., NMDA, AMPA receptors for glutamate) the binding of glutamate to the receptor causes depolization of the cell, by opening an ion channel.

In metabotropic receptors, the result of binding

of glutamate has various secondary steps which

ultimately lead to a change in the cell, which is

often, depolorization.

Amphetamine

This drug gives an increase of energy and alertness by passing directly into the nerve cells that carry dopamine and noraderenaline.

It moves directly into the possynaptic

neuron, causing them to release into the

synaptic cleft.

Amphetamine intereferes with the breakdown of the neurotransmitters of dopamine and noraderenaline, which would be broken down by enzymes into the synapse.

This disruption causes high

concentration to build in the

synapse, causing the sensation

of pleasure.

For instance, high levels of

noraderanline is responsible for alertness.

iRecover Alberta

This facility provides high level of technology by emerging the clients into the 21st century

way to help aid their addictions.

This center program provide iPads to all clients,

equipping them with educational materials, worbooks and videos needed in recovery.

They allow clients to approach or contact their counselors anytime.

Clients meet together for classroom experiences and group therapies. They have a private suite, bathroom

included for each individual to study and for privacy.

iRecover Alberta is accredited by the Comission on Accreditation of Rehabilitian Facilities, meaning treatments meets the high quality care standards.

Drug Rehab

Society is a harsh judge when it comes to individuals that have abused the use of

drugs. Ultimately, people are quick to

assume, and in this situation, it would not be a surprise, that people put their concern on all

the negativity of what the indivudual had done

with drugs.

A lot of people feel threatened when they are

around the individual. They feel uncomfortable,

assuming that their own lives are on the line

when they associate with a person with

addiction.

Other times, optimistic people find the

good of the individual. They appreciate the

individual's effort that they put into

trying to fix their pieces together again.

They may also give the indivudual courage

to continue on, because they have made

a wise choice into walking in the right,

responsible path.

Moral Conflict

Individuals that are not willing to seek to help for themselves can be a moral conflict. For instance, they may have think they can solve their own problems, not needing any aid from anyone.They lack motivation, which is the push needed for the recovery that they need.

This stubborness not only wastes the time of the staff in the institute they are confined in, as well as the money and patience of the corresponding family members. Which can stir disappointment, because the individual is not showing any efforts to bring their life back together.

Staying in the facility without any thoughts of actually recovering is taking advantages of the services the facility provides. The institute expects the individual to be well in the future,but with the troublemaker cease any attempt for recovery, energy drains from the staff in the facility.

A recovering individual may associate with someone who is unwilling to recover, which can influence them, because the unwilling points out questions that may spark the recovering person's interest. They may also start to question the purpose of recovering, as well.

By: Nicole Andrin

https://www.neurogistics.com/TheScience/WhatareNeurotransmi09CE.asp

http://neurotransporter.org/glutamate.html

Rehabilitation

http://www.drugs.com/amphetamine.html

http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v9/n6/fig_tab/nrn2379_F4.html

http://serenityranch.ca/

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter

Gaba is known to be the main

inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Inhibitory neurotransmitters are

responsible for the balance of

the brain.

Discovered by Eugene Roberts, it acts

like a "brake" to excitatory

neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety.It

contributes to motor control, vision &

other cortical functions.

Continued...

Acting as an inhibitory nerutransmitter,

GABA tell adjoining cells not to fire or send

an impulse, blocking nerve impulses.

Individuals that lack GABA suffer

from anxiety disorders.

They balance mood.

When it occurs that excitatory

neurotransmitters are

overstimulated, inhibitory

transmitters get easily

depleted because of the

fact.

The End

In times of stress, excitatory signals from

the amygdala fire rapidly, sending signals

to other parts of the brain, thus leading to

the feeling of panic. To regulate the emotion

GABA is released.

Alcohol

Drugs that increase levels of

GABA are used to treat epilepsy, and to tend the

trembling of Huntington's

disease.

When alcohol enters the brain, it interacts

with the GABA receptors to make them

more inhibitory.

http://psychology.about.com/od/nindex/g/neurotransmitter.htm

The GABA receptor is a "ligand-gated

chloride channel. Which means, when these

receptors are released, the flow of chloride

ions into the postsynaptic cell increases,

which raises its membrane potential,

inhibitting it in the process. The channel

permits the charged chloride ions to enter

the neuron, reducing its excitability.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsyneurotransmitters.html

After that, it binds with glutamate

receptors, which prevents glutamate from

exciting the cell.

This drug particularly affects the parts

of the brain that are involved and

responsible for memory fomation,

decision making, and impulse control.

https://web.williams.edu/imput/synapse/pages/IIIA2.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/alcoholism4.htm

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