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>Slavery
>Castes
>Estates
>Social Classes
Horizontal mobility- movement within a social class, from one job to another of the same rank. Ex. An airline pilot who becomes a police officer.
Vertical Mobility- (up or down)movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank. Ex. If the airline pilot became a bank teller (downward mobility).
Intergenerational Mobility- involves changes in the social position of children relative to their parents. Ex. A plumber who's father was a physician provides an example of downward intergenerational mobility.
Intragenerational Mobility- refers to a person's social movements throughout his/her lifespan. This is in contrast to intergenerational mobility, which refers to social movement across different generations. Intragenerational mobility can be either horizontal or vertical.
Relative Poverty- is a floating standard of
deprivation by which people at the bottom of society, whatever their lifestyle, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole. Ex. even if the poor of 2005 are better off in absolute terms then the poor of the 1930s or 1960s, they are still seen as deserving of special assistance.
Absolute poverty- refers to a minimum
level of substance that no family should be expected to live below. Ex. Poverty line serves as an official definition of which people are poor. In 2008, for example, any family of two adults and two children with a combined income of 21,000 or less fell below the poverty line.
> Enslaved individuals are owned by other people,who treat these human beings as property, just as if they were household pets or appliances.
> Slavery was an Ascribed status since it was purely based on racial background.
Each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's stability and functioning as a whole. Society needs to make sure that these positions are filled up but also seen that they are filled by people with the appropriate talents and abilities. That’s why there are rewards, including money and prestige, which are
based on the importance of a position.
The conflict theory, suggested by Karl Marx, claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity. He believed that under capitalism, the dominant class manipulates the economic and political systems in order to maintain control over the exploited underclass.
>It is an ascribed status (at birth, children automatically assume the same position as their parents).
>Each Caste is quite sharply defined, and members are expected to marry within that caste.
>The Caste system is generally associated with Hinduism in India and other countries.
Uses the term sociocultural evolution which means changes that occur as a society gains new technology. In sustenance-based hunting and gathering societies, people focus on survival. Some inequality is evident, but a stratification system based on social class does not emerge because there is no real wealth to be claimed.
as factories and machinery.
protection and other services.
>The nobles inherited their titles and property; while the peasants were born into a subservient position within an uncultivated society.
>The point for this system was for the nobles’ownership of land, which was critical to their superior and privileged status.
distinctive ranks based on religious knowledge, skills in hunting, beauty, trading expertise, or ability to
provide healthcare.
Stratification: Social Classes
>Boundaries between classes are imprecisely defined, and one can move from one class, or level, of society to another.
>Heavily dependent on family and described factors, such as race and ethnic city.
>Sociologist Daniel Rossides, uses five class models to describe the class system in the US; The upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, and the lower class.
as an individualistic viewpoint towards capitalist exploitation ”I am being exploited by my boss”
Class- is used to refer to a group of people who have similar level of wealth and income. Ex. Certain workers in the U. S. try to support their families through minimum-wage jobs. They share the same economic position and fate.
Status group- is to refer to people who have the same prestige or lifestyle. Ex. a desirable group, such as the medical profession.
Power- The ability to exercise ones will over others. In the US, power stems from membership and particularly influential groups, such as corporate board of directors, government bodies, and interest groups. Ex. many of the heads of major corporations also hold powerful positions in the government or military.