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The Genetic Modifications of Chickens

America's Response

  • GMOs in general have caused a shift to some people wanting all natural food.
  • This lead to the creation of Simple Truth, an all natural food company.

Reference Page

  • Australian Chicken Meat Foundation. (2013). Growing Meat Chickens. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.chicken.org.au/page.php?id=6
  • "Biotechnology." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2016.
  • Hadad, Y., et al. (2014). "Featherless and feathered broilers under control versus hot conditions. 1. Breast meat yield and quality." Poultry Science 93(5): 1067-1075.
  • Lyall, J., et al. (2011). "Suppression of Avian Influenza Transmission in Genetically Modified Chickens." Science 331(6014): 223-226.
  • Molla, R. (2014, October 2). How Much Meat Do Americans Eat? Then and Now. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://wsj.com/numbers/how-much-meat-do-americans- eat-then-and-now-1792/
  • Nissen, P. M., & Young, J. F. (2006). Creatine monohydrate and glucose supplementation to slow- and fast-growing chickens changes the postmortem pH in pectoralis major. Poultry Science, 85(6), 1038-44. Retrieved fromhttp://ezproxy.uky.edu/login?url=http://search. proquest.com.ezproxy.uky.edu/docview/223154327?accountid=11836
  • Tesseraud, S., et al. (2003). "Response of broilers selected on carcass quality to dietary protein supply: live performance, muscle development, and circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II)." Poultry Science 82(6): 1011-1016.
  • The Kroger Company. (2016). Simple Truth Organic Food and Beverages. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from http://www.simpletruth.com/about-simple-truth/organic/
  • Urdaneta-Rincon, M. and S. Leeson (2004). "Muscle (pectoralis major) protein turnover in young broiler chickens fed graded levels of lysine and crude protein." Poultry Science 83(11): 1897-1903.
  • Zuidhof, M. J., et al. (2014). "Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005." Poultry Science.

Advantages / Disadvantages of Genetically Modified chickens

Pros

  • More efficient
  • Cheaper

Cons

  • Excess amounts of hormones which can cause cancer and premature puberty in young teens
  • Causes some chickens to be lame and not able to walk

Other changes

  • Some scientist ran test to see whether feathered or featherless chickens were more beneficial in hot enviroments.
  • The featherless chickens at 90 degrees and 72 degrees had a higher growth rate and yielded a higher meat production. The quality of meat was also better because the drip loss was significantly less and the color was much better.

Immune system changes

  • The influenza virus, commonly know as the flu, is typically harmless to most humans, but to poultry, it can have detrimental effects to a population of chickens.
  • Scientists solved this problem by genetically altering the chickens so they are resistant to infections.

Change in their Diet

  • Chickens now are fed high protein diets. This made them grow faster, eat less feed and have higher muscle weights than their counterparts given the low protein diet.
  • They are also being fed creatine monohydrate and glucose supplementation. This causes them to be significantly larger at one day old and at the time to be slaughtered. Not only that but, these chickens grew much faster and had a much better quality of meat.

What did a chicken in the 1950s look like?

  • These chickens took around 56 days to fully develop
  • at birth weighed .07 pounds
  • at 4 weeks weighed .70 pounds
  • weighed about 2 pounds fully grown
  • their breast weighed about .25 pounds
  • the drumstick was about .15 pounds
  • the liver weighed .04 grams
  • chickens had a normal immune system, they could catch typical diseases such as the influenza
  • they were mostly fed grains and seeds
  • In 1950, the population of the United States was around 152.3 million.
  • Now, the population has rose to 318.9 million people.
  • The average American consumes around 2,000 pounds of food each year and 54.1 pounds of this is poultry.
  • 54.1 pounds of poultry X 318.9 million Americans = 17.4 billion pounds of poultry per year consumed by America.
  • As the population grew, farmers had to produce more and more chickens to keep up with the demand.

General Facts

What do chickens look like today?

  • chickens today are born weighing .1 pounds (129% increase)
  • at 4 weeks they weigh 3.09 pounds (442% increase)
  • fully matured they weigh 9.26 pounds (464% increase)
  • their breast weigh 1.91 pounds (665% increase)
  • their drumstick weighs .88 pounds (571% increase)
  • their liver weighs .15 pounds (338% increase)
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