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Vocab:

Karma- the belief that your actions will bring unavoidable results, effecting your NEXT life

Dharma- Doing your duty to society

Reincarnation- rebirth after death, where you are born into was effected by you Karma

Buddhism is the belief that life is suffering.

All suffering is caused by desire, or wanting something.

The way to end suffering is to stop wanting.

Buddhism was founded in the sixth century BC.

It evolved from Hinduism

It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama.

He is known today as Buddha.

He was born into a ruling or "royal" family, to later give it up to search for a cure for world suffering.

Siddhartha was tired of the Hindu ways and formed Buddhism in spite of Hinduism. The core principles (such as Dharma, Karma, Reincarnation, and Meditation), however are common between the two, since Buddhism was built off of Hinduism.

After living his whole life in the higher social class, finally seeing the worlds hardships and suffering, was a lot to grasp. He decided to meditate under a fig tree, and here is where he discovered THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS, which is the basis to Buddhism.

THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS:

1. Life is suffering

2. Suffering is caused by desire

3. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish and material goals

4. The way to end desire is to follow the EIGHT FOLD PATH

THE EIGHT FOLD PATH

1. Right View

2. Right Intention

3. Right Speech

4. Right Action

5. Right Livelihood

6. Right Effort

7. Right Mindfulness

8. Right Concentration

It is estimated that there are between 200-500 million followers of Buddhism.

Or 6% of the world population.

TRADITIONS:

Chanting, meditation and scripture readings.

In the presence of a monk, bow while walking by.

Bring food to the temple or Buddha statue.

Recite mantra in greeting.

Visit temples and monasteries.

Hold palms together in front of chest in greeting.

Hold one hand(with fingers up) in front of chest when greeting junior monks or guests.

Important Holidays:

Magha Puja Day and Sangha Day

Buddhist New Year

  • On this day people:
  • Clean and decorate their house
  • Go to the temple to worship
  • Bring flowers, candles, and food to the monks
  • Poor water on the statue of Buddha
  • This reminds them to purify their minds of selfishness
  • Offer gifts to the Buddha

Dharma Day

Parinirvana Day

Kathina

Important Symbols:

Current Leader

Polytheistic or Monotheistic?

Neither, Buddhism does not have a "god"

Holy Books/Texts

The Tripitaka

The Sutras

Nagarjuna

The Texts of Vajrayana Buddhism

Artwork

Hinduism

The Founding of Hinduism

There is no single founder of Hinduism

Hinduism is the world’s oldest known religion(5000-10,000 B.C.)

Current Population

About 900 million followers

The third biggest religion

  • Hindus believe in one God named as “Brahman” but that he exists in 3 forms
  • Most Hindus worship Him in the form of an idol.
  • Rivers, mountains, trees, animals,etc.are revered in Hinduism.
  • Cow are the most revered animal for Hindus.

Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Shiva are the creator, protector, and destroyer gods(the three forms of Brahman.)

Hindus are henotheistic meaning they believe in one god in many forms.

  • In Hinduism,there are four seasons in a year,
  • Satya-Yuga
  • Treta-Yuga
  • Dvapara-Yuga
  • Kali-Yuga
  • At the end of a full cycle of four Yoga's, life on earth comes to an end (though not completely) and a new era starts.
  • The present era is Kali-Yuga or the Dark Age.

Four Basic Objectives to Hindu Life

  • Dharma (righteousness)
  • Artha (wealth)
  • Karma (desire)
  • Moksha (salvation)

The ultimate goal of Hindu's life is salvation

Four Stages of Life

  • Brahmcharyashram (Student phase)
  • Grihastahshram (Living with wife and children),
  • Vanprasthashram (leaving the home and pray to God, may keep contact with family),
  • Sanyasashram (discard everything in life including wife, children, and material things)

Concept of Hinduism

  • The human body is perishable
  • But the soul is immortal
  • It goes through continuous rebirth(reincarnation)
  • This cycle is continuous and the soul is subjected to suffering endlessly
  • This makes the ultimate goal for Hindu's to reach salvation( freedom from the cycle of rebirth)
  • Also called Moksha
  • A person reaches this when they become one with Brahman.

The cast system is something that is important to the Hindu's. When you are reincarnated you are reincarnated into one of these "Varnas", or social classes. Everyone works happily in their class and has no desire to move, because they just want to do their best so when they are being reborn they will be reborn in a higher Varna.

Traditions:

When Hindus meet each other, they greet each other by saying ‘Namaste’ or ‘Namaskar.’ They put together the palms of both hands while saying so.

Before the start of any good work and social and religious ceremonies, Hindus worship Lord Ganesha and chant mantra

Hindus do not wear footwear inside homes, temples, and other holy places. They do not enter the temples after consuming alcohol and/or nonvegetarian food.

They apply a spot or standing line of kumkum between the eyebrows on the forehead at the time of worship.

They do not eat nonvegetarian food on Mondays, Thursdays, Saturdays, Chaturthis, Ekadashis, and many other festival days.

Arranged marriages generally take place within the respective castes only

Hindus pierce the ears of babies and put golden earrings in them.

Hindu girls and women pierce their nose also

A married Hindu woman wears a Mangalsutra around her neck, bangles in her hand, and toe rings, which indicate that she is married. She also applies a Kumkum spot or sticks a bindi between her two eyebrows

Showing respect to elders is an integral part of Hindu culture. A son must take care of his parents in their old age. Younger people touch the feet of their elders to show respect and take blessings from them. Mother, Father, and Teacher are considered as next to god and are highly respected

Generally, Hindu women and girls wear clothes, which would cover all the body except face such as Sari, Lehengas, Salwar Kameez, Ghagra choli, etc.

A married Hindu woman considers her husband as God and the husband considers her as his Ardhangini (Half Body).

Before going for a long travel, they put lemons under the wheels of vehicles. They believe that it would save them from perils. They also break coconut and light incense stick in front of the vehicle for the same purpose.

Many people tie seven chillis and a lemon woven in a thread or wire to the vehicle as they believe it saves them from negative energies.

They tie a black doll over the front door of the house to stop bad powers from entering the house.

Important Festivals

Diwali

  • Most important festival
  • Equivalent to Christmas for Christians and Eid for Muslims.
  • Celebrated as victory of light over darkness.
  • Spans 5-6 days.

Gudhipadwa (Hindu New Year)

  • First day of Hindu calendar
  • Start of the New Year.
  • When Lord Rama defeated Ravana and returned to Ayodhya, people welcome him by raising the flags (Gudhi) on their homes.

Vijayadashmi or Dashera

  • Lord Rama defeated and killed Ravana on this day.
  • The festival is celebrated as victory of good over evil.
  • People exchange leaves of a tree, greet each other
  • Come together forgetting all past quarrels on this day.

Symbols:

Aum

Swastika

Lotus

Holy Books and Scriptures

Four Vedas:

  • Rigveda
  • Atharvaveda
  • Samveda
  • Yajurveda

Smritis:

  • Manusmriti
  • Narada Smriti
  • Brihaspati Smriti
  • Yajnavalkya Smriti

Vedangas (Sutras):

  • Shiksha (Phonetics)
  • Kalpa (Ritual)
  • Vyakarana (Grammar)
  • Nirukta (Etymology)
  • Chhandas (Metrics)
  • Jyotisha (Astronomy)

Artwork

Asian Religions and Philosophies

By: Brianna Geary

  • It is celebrated in remembrance of Buddha.

Aum represents Brahman, the Almighty. It is the sound heard at the time of creation of universe.It is considered as sacred.

Means: “Everything is good.” Swastika is also considered to be sacred and represents luck and prosperity

It represents culture and politeness.Brahma is always shown sitting in the big lotus. The flower of lotus is used in some Hindu rituals.

The ultimate goal of Buddhism is to reach NIRVANA.

Nirvana is defined as ultimate self realization, or can be looked at as when you end your suffering by eliminating wanting.

Dharma Wheel

  • Occurs on the day of a full moon in march

Symbolizes the Buddha's turning the Wheel of Truth or Law

  • Buddha gave his disciples a message and amazing things happened

Bodhi Tree

  • On this day, Buddhists celebrate by cleaning their homes and getting them ready for prayer.

Symbol of Buddha's Enlightenment.

  • On this day, Buddhists also go to the temple and have a procession with candles.

Lion

Symbolizes Buddha's royal background.

  • Celebrated the first three days after the first full moon in April.
  • Day One: Celebrate with your family.
  • Days Two and Three: Celebrate with your friends.
  • Monks will decorate the monasteries and then the Buddhist people will go and offer things to purify themselves.

Buddhism

  • Other common things that happen on this holday are:
  • the cleaning of buildings
  • getting new clothes
  • and feasting

Wesak

  • Most important Buddhist Holiday

The Dalai Lama

  • Celebrated on the full moon of May.
  • It is celebrated in remembrance of Buddha.
  • An opportunity for Buddhists to try to gain their own enlightenment.
  • Occurs after Dharma Day
  • This is when Buddhist partake in "giving alms"
  • giving to the poor or needy.
  • Honors the start of Buddha's teachings.
  • Celebrated at the beginning of winter.
  • Celebrated as a time to examine Buddha's writings.
  • Celebrated in October and November
  • At the end of Vassa time
  • When there are typically monsoons in Buddhist countries.
  • Used to be celebrated for about three months as a time of hibernation and mediation, until the end of rain.
  • At this time monks are allowed to come out publicly and the people give them clothing.

or Nirvana Day

  • The offerings and celebrating last the whole month.
  • Marks Buddha's death.
  • By dying Buddha left this world and achieved full enlightenment(or nirvana)
  • The lasts days of Buddha's life are read on this day.
  • People:
  • Go to the monasteries
  • Bring presents
  • They think about their own death
  • or the death of those they knew
  • They meditate
  • to support those who have recently passed in oder to support them in their afterlife.
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