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NATIONS AND NATIONALISM

  • Official nationalism - This form of nationalism arose historically as a reactionary response to popular nationalisms from below, directed against rulers, aristocrats and imperial centres.
  • The speed of change and the power of the Future also had the effect of fundamentally altering people’s ideas about the past.
  • linguistic nationalism - The underlying belief was that each true nation was marked off by its own peculiar language and literary culture, which together expressed that people’s historical genius.
  • Oral literary traditions - were written down and disseminated through print as popular literacy slowly began to increase.

View of Liberal Multiculturalists

Nations

Hybridity and Multiculturalism

  • Multiculturalism and nationalism are compatible.It balances cultural diversity against a common citizenship.

  • Moral, cultural and lifestyle choices can be left to the individual, while common political allegiance help bind people together

Nationalism Revived

  • From the Latin word nasci – "to be born"

  • a complex phenomena shaped by a collection of factors:
  • culturally- group of people who share a common language, religion, history and traditions
  • politically- group of people who regard themselves as natural political community, classically expressed through the quest for sovereign statehood
  • psychologically- group of people bound together by shared loyalties or allegiances, often expressed in the form of patriotism
  • The most significant implication of increased migration is social and cultural diversity.
  • More societies accepted to embrace their multicultural character.
  • The advance of multiculturalism led to campaigns for minority rights..
  • Cultures can thus learn and enrich each other, strengthening cultural understanding but blurring national distinctiveness.

View of Conservatives

Nations as Cultural Communities

  • Rise of cultural and ethnic nationalism.
  • ethnic unity and strengthening the idea of cultural distinctiveness
  • Increase in national self-assertion
  • nationalism became a driving force for economic and political development, based on strength, unity and pride.
  • Nationalism has developed as a reaction against globalization, as a form of resistance.
  • Multiculturalism and nationalism are incompatible. Multicultural societies are conflict-ridden.

  • Ethnic and cultural diversity are therefore enemies of national unity and political stability.

  • In developing countries, ethnic minorities acquire disproportional economic power. In developed countries, ethnic minorities are confined to low status and low income jobs.

  • A nation is a group of people bound together by a common language, religion, history, and traditions, although nations exhibit various levels of cultural heterogeneity.
  • Commonly takes the form of national self-affirmation.

Johann Gottfried Herder

  • the innate character of each national group was ultimately determined by its natural environment, climate and physical geography, which shaped the lifestyle, working habits, attitudes and creative propensities of a people.
  • language- embodiment of people’s distinctive traditions and history

Western Nationalism and Eastern Nationalism

  • ‘East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet.’
  • Philippine nationalism - very similar to those in Cuba and continental Latin America
  • Meiji nationalism - similar to the late nineteenth-century official nationalisms we find in Ottoman Turkey, Tsarist Russia and Imperial Great Britain
  • Indian nationalism is morphologically analogous to what one finds in Ireland and in Egypt
  • Creole nationalism—arose out of the vast expansion of some of these empires overseas, often, but not always, very far away.
  • ‘overseas’ settlers - from the Southeastern coastal regions of the Celestial Kingdom were the core constituencies for these nationalism

Nation in a Global World

Migration

Causes:

  • A consequence of conquest and invasion, followed by settlement and colonization
  • Traveled by choice for economic reasons.
  • Religious or political persecution.

2 reasons why there has been a significant acceleration in the rate of migration:

  • Growing number of refugees which resulted from war, ethnic conflict and political upheaval.
  • Economic factors and developments, particularly those linked to economic globalization.

Conservative Nationalism

  • each nation possesses a volksgeist
  • Nations are an organic or ‘natural’ entities characterized by a distinctive language, culture and ‘spirit’

Ernest Gellner

  • nationalism is linked to modernization and to the process of industrialization
  • industrial societies promoted social mobility, self-striving and competition, and so required a new source of cultural cohesion
  • Nationalism therefore developed to meet the needs of particular social conditions and circumstances
  • It is concerned with the promise of social cohesion, public order and stability embodied in the sentiment of national patriotism.
  • Sees the nation as an organic entity emerging out of basic desire of human to gravitate towards those who have the same views, habits lifestyles and appearance as themselves.
  • Sees immigration, supranationalism and globalization of culture as a threat to national identity

Liberal Nationalism

  • It is based on the fundamental assumption that humankind is naturally divided into a collections of nations, each possessed of a separate identity.

  • The central theme of this form of nationalism is a commitment to the principle of national self-determination

  • The characteristic theme of liberal nationalism is that it links the idea of the nation with a belief in popular sovereignty.

  • Goal of Liberal Nationalism: The construction of a world of sovereign nation-states.
  • ‘Popular Nationalism’ - widespread consciousness of nationhood in the late 19th century; fashioned by the invention of national anthems and flags
  • Benedict Anderson - modern nation as an artifact, an ‘imagined community’, they exist more as mental images, constructed for us through education, the mass media, and political socialization
  • Nations have in common is that, in theory, they were founded on a voluntary acceptance of a common set of principles or goals, as opposed to an existing cultural identity

Expansionist Nationalism

  • This form of nationalism has an aggressive, militaristic and expansionist character.
  • Associated with Chauvinism, the irrational belief in the superiority or dominance of one’s own group of people.
  • 19th century European imperialism-national prestige was linked to the possession of an empire
  • World war I and World War II resulted from expansionist nationalism.

The Nation State

Anthony Smith

  • highlighted the continuity between modern nations and premodern ethnic communities— ethnies
  • nations are historically embedded
  • ethnicity is the precursor of nationalism

  • Cultural nationalism commonly takes form in national self-affirmation

  • Since the final decades of the 20th century, the age of nationalism is over because its task had been completed: the world had become a world of nation-states.
  • Nation had been accepted as the sole legitimate unit of political rule.
  • These changes have been fuelled largely by the quest for national independence.
  • Nation State- offers the prospect of both cultural cohesion and political unity.

Nationalism

The beliefs that the nation is the most basic principle of political organization.

  • Based on 2 core assumptions:
  • Humankind is divided into distinct nations
  • The nation is the only legitimate unit of political rule.

Varieties of Nationalism

  • Liberal Nationalism
  • Conservative Nationalism
  • Expansionist Nationalism
  • Anticolonial Nationalism

Anti-Colonial Nationalism

  • Colonialism helped to forge a sense of nationhood shaped by the desire for “national liberation”.
  • The political geography of much of the world today was transformed by anti colonialism.
  • Some countries which achieved independence:
  • India-1947
  • China-1949 (After an 8-year war with the Japanese)
  • Indonesia-1949 (After a 3-year war with the Netherlands)
  • Nigeria-1960 (After a war with UK)
  • Algeria- 1962 (After a war fought against the French)
  • Kenya- 1963
  • The quest for political independence was linked to a desire for social development and for an end to their subordination.

Nations as Political Communities

  • emphasizes civic loyalties and political allegiances
  • bound together primarily by shared citizenship because citizenship has greater political significance than ethnic identity
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau - father of modern nationalism; his stress on sovereignty expressed in the idea of ‘general will’ = common good of society; animated by ideas of democracy and political freedom
  • Eric Hobsbawn - nations are ‘invented traditions’, believed that historical continuity was a myth and that nationalism creates nations

Group 1

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