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Industrial Revolution and Nationalism

Nationalism

Joshua Drake (1832)

Do you think that if the overlooker were naturally a humane person it would still be found necessary for him to beat the children, in order to keep up their attention and vigilance at the termination of those extraordinary days of labour?

--Yes; the machine turns off a regular quantity of cardings, and of course, they must keep as regularly to their work the whole of the day; they must keep with the machine, and therefore however humane the slubber may be, as he must keep up with the machine or be found fault with, he spurs the children to keep up also by various means but that which he commonly resorts to is to strap them when they become drowsy.

Elizabeth Bentley (1832)

Social

As a child I worked from five in the morning till nine at night...it was so dusty, the dust got up my lungs, and the work was so hard. I got so bad in health, that when I pulled the baskets down, I pulled my bones out of their places...

  • industrial middle class created
  • bourgeoisie include industry, banking and profession
  • men expected to be primary wage workers while women stayed home with children
  • work in coal mines, cotton mills and factories

Despite the IR allowing for the common man to have money for goods, the IR was a curse for the working man because of the terrible conditions men, women and children had to endure.

The balance of power in Europe after nationalism began had the German empire as the strongest on the continent with William I as Kaiser. Emperor Napoleon III was in power as well and King Victor Emanuel of Piedmont controlling the Italian states. The great powers changed as well as country lines once the Concert of Europe fell allowing for nationalism to occur.

Demographic

Peter Smart (1832)

  • cites grew to overpopulation= unsanitary conditions, urban reforms, disease
  • Woman and children worked (factories)
  • no sanitary water, no medical services at home and overpopulation
  • labor reforms-children work at 9

Did you find that the children were unable to pursue their labour properly to that extent?

--Yes; they have been brought to that condition, that I have gone and fetched up the doctor to them, to see what was the matter with them, and to know whether they were able to rise or not able to rise; they were not at all able to rise; we have had great difficulty in getting them up.

Nationalism

Karl Marx was an early socialist who believed in equality for all, basic communist principles. He did not believe that the upper class had the right to exploit the lower class for political or social gain. I agree with him on this issue.

Political

Causes: Crimean war destroys concert of Europe, in Germany there is an attempt to unify all people, Belgium rebels from the Dutch republic, national workshop is a failure, a new constitution is ratified in 1848 creating Second Republic and Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is elected President.

Wars: Crimean war, Piedmont-Austria war, Red Shirts-Sicily/Naples war, Austro-Prussian war, Franco-Prussian war, Prussian-Dane war

  • socialism
  • concert of Europe
  • nationalism
  • principle of intervention
  • principle of legitimacy

Effects/Changes

Social, demographic and political changes occurred

Marxists believed the elite people of society did not have the right to exploit the lower classes, and this belief lead to the form of government of communism.

The IR lead to much social, environmental and technological progress. The price was much human suffering to achieve this. I believe this is justified because the progress made future lives better.

Otto von Bismark (1870)

Giuseppe Garibaldi - 1860

Factors

Providence has presented Italy with Victor Emmanuel. Every Italian should rally round him. By the side of Victor Emmanuel every quarrel should be forgotten, all rancor depart. Once more I repeat my battle-cry: "To arms, all-all of you!"

Thither I accompanied the emperor, with an escort from the king's cuirassier regiment, which had been called up in the meantime; and there we concluded, with the French general Wimpffen, the capitulation, according to which forty to sixty thousand French,- I cannot be more accurate at this time,-with all that they had, became our prisoners. Day before yesterday and yesterday cost France one hundred thousand men and an emperor. This morning the latter started with all the members of his court, his horses and carriages, for Wilhelmshöhe, near Cassel. This has been an event of vast historic importance,- a victory for which we must thank the Lord in humbleness of heart. It decides the conflict, although we must still carry on the war against an emperorless France...

German Unification

Italian Unification

  • agricultural practices changed=increase food supply=lower priced goods=money for goods (1780)
  • population grew= large labor force
  • capital to invest and entrepreneurs
  • plentiful in natural resources
  • vast colonial empire to transport goods and increase in domestic market
  • new cotton production=sold everywhere in world and produced in factories
  • cold production increase
  • iron industry increase= new machines and transportation
  • railroads important=jobs

Nationalism

•1848-49 Prussia and Austria strongest German states, Austria afraid of a powerful German state so Prussia would have to unify states. Prime Minister Otto Von Bismark made it militaristic enlarging the army and focused on foreign policy.

•By 1866 Prussia controlled Austrian and Dutch territories then organized the states into the North German Confederation (protestant) and controlled the south (catholic) through alliance to protect them from France

•1871 Paris surrendered to Prussia after they captured their army and Napoleon III in September of 1870. Prussia gained Alsace and Lorraine, as well as 5 billion francs. This secured southern Germany to the North even though they already agreed to join the nation.

•Camilo di Cavour is made prime minister in Italy leading to success in war against Austria w/ally Napoleon. This leads to Italian states allying themselves with Cavour by overthrowing governments and unifying Italy

•Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian Patriot, unified southern Italy with volunteer army called Red Shirts. He then surrendered land to Cavour unifying Italy under King Victor Emanuel of Piedmont by end of 1861. Rome and Venetia fell later in 1866 and 1870.

England

Became a world leader when:

  • economy grew-railroads everywhere create jobs and inexpensive transportation
  • became rich-through successful worldwide cotton industry

Nationalism is having pride in one’s nation, when the individual is loyal to the nation. A nation is a community that has common interests, traditions, language and customs.

Key components which promote nationalism include; pride, loyalty, a strong leader, common customs, common language, common traditions, common threat, and when the great powers look out for the everyone, not just themselves.

Textile Industry

  • flying shuttle- weave faster
  • spinning jenny (1768)- produce yarn faster
  • power loom (1787)- weave faster
  • steam engine (1760s)- spin cotton or weave cloth
  • new chemicals used in production

spinning jenny

Works Cited:

Brown, Robert W. Spinning Jenny. Spinning Jenny. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2013. <http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/spinning_jenny3.jpg>.

Room of a military tailor and his family. 2000. Web. 15 May 2013. <http://faculty.nmu.edu/kkendall/HS%20102/17%20Industrial%20Revolution.htm>.

Parliamentary Papers, 1831-1832, vol. XV. pp. 44, 95-97, 115, 195, 197, 339, 341-342, reprinted in Jonathan F. Scott and Alexander Baltzly, eds., Readings in European History Since 1814 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1930.

"Giuseppe Garibaldi Encourages His Soldiers." The History Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/garibaldi.htm>.

Spielvogel, Jackson J. Glencoe World History. student ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005. Print.

Robinson, James Harvey. Readings in European History. 2 vols. Boston: Gibb and Co., 1904-6. Vol. II, 591.

Class Notes (powerpoint)

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