The Evolution of Global Governance
The League of Nations
Origins of IHL
Second World to the Third
International Economics
- The Rules of War 1873
- Efforts to humanize war
- Birth of the Red Cross 1881
- Unilateral right to take territory through war vanished as sovereignty took precedent
- The Hauge 1899
- Outlawed air bombs, chemical weapons, hollowed bullets
- Origins of governance were practical and philisophical
Norms: Sovereignty, Treatment of War Prisoners
- Rise of the UN General Assembly
- More effective with universal membership
- Bandung Conference in 1955
- Rise of "Third World" as a political force
- Shift from West-East to North-South
- Struggle against colonialism shifted U.S. and Soviet Union positions in the UN- U.S. found UN hostile environment
Norms: Decolonization, Self-Determination, World Community entwined with Sovereignty
- First New Economic Order failed- lack of U.S support
- Redistribution of wealth
- Floating exchange rates needed monitoring
- Shift in IMF: surveillance and managing exchange rates
- Used the Washington Consensus
- 1970 floating exchange rates-> 1980 by Third World sovereign debt
- Changing of development: eradicating poverty
- UN Millennium Development Goals (beyond economics)
Norms: Deregulation, Financialization, Grassroots Movements, Moral Governance, Corporate Governance
- During WWI states began to want a permanent peacetime world security organization
- Wilson: "Forum for quasi parliamentary deliberation manifestation rather than a judicial court to deliver verdicts."
- Formation was left to British
- U.S. Senate defeated America's membership to the League
- 1946 end of League
- Seen as a failure: no disarmament, lacked support, served as a tool for UK and France
Norms: Internationalism, Scientific Promotion
Humanity's Law
The Rise of the United Nations
Development and Rise of Human Rights
Communication and Commerce
- Law of the Sea
- Telegraph 1844, United Postal Union 1874
- "See everything that is done and hear everything that is being said"
- Free Trade under The Peace Movement
- Open economies as a prerequisite for prosperity and harmony
- "More civilized, more efficient, freer, more peace-loving, and more prosperous than its rivals"
Norms: Communication, Free Trade, Promotion of Peace, Scientific Cooperation & Standardization
- Sovereignty no longer absolute
- Government must demonstrate “life-sustaining standards” for inhabitants
- Responsibility to Protect
- UN Role of Peacekeeping
- Security Council broadened "threats to peace"
- Economic, social, humanitarian, and ecological
- Rise of ICC after Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals
Norms: Individual Rights > State Rights, Rise of Morality, Universal Values
- UDHR 1948 undermined cultural integrity of nations, shifted to:
- UN Human Rights Convention 1966
- Civil and political rights
- Economic, Social, Cultural rights
- Amnesty International and Helsinki Watch (Human Rights Watch)
- Role NGO could have as UN observer
- New model of rights activism: diplomats, politicians, and NGO
- NGOs became a part of institutional reshaping of international politics
Norms: Self-Determination, Expansion of Human Rights, Activism
- Social and economic problems were intertwined in international and national spheres-> cohesion and cooperation
- January 1942 in a declaration in which UK, US, and other 26 countries joined
- Before it was a peacetime organization it was a wartime alliance
- Security Council (big 5) had exclusive jurisdiction to keeping peace
- Bretton Woods: Rewriting rules of the international economy
- IMF and World Bank
- Criteria for joining was to "love peace"
- Norms: International Cooperation, International Economic Stability, World Security
Westphalian ~ The Peace Movement~ Universalism ~ Internationalism ~ World Federalism ~ Liberal Nationalism ~ Neo Liberalism ~ Globalization
~ World Ideologies ~