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The Hebrew Bible is divided into three sections: the Law, the prophets, and the writings that followed
Book of the Law found in the temple and brought to King Josiah. Mostly contained Deuteronomy. Deuteronomistic Code canonized. This marks the beginning of the canonization process.
Final editions of the prophetic books major and minor canonized. The end of prophecy. Some prophets have received recognition as sacred writings
The creation of the Septuagint (LXX). The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.
The canon of the OT allegedly finalized at the Council of Jamnia with 39 books included. This fact was widely accepted until the mid 20th century.
Books now found in the NT are written. Many Christian writings that did not end up in the NT were also written.
The four gospels were written between ca 65 and 100 CE.
The collection and publication of Pauline letters happens in this time.
Irenaeus and Tertullian emphasize the unity of the 4 gospels.
Tertullian emphasizes the unity of all the apostolic writings and is the first person to use the term “New Testament.”
Vetus Latina (Old Latin), collection of translations from Greek to Latin by Christian communities, a precursor to the Vulgate.
Genesis – 2 Kings stabilized in content and order around the middle of the 6th century
Melito of Sardis lists the books of the OT and calls them “books of the Old Testament”
1 and 2 Timothy written in response to heretical teachings.
II Clement is the earliest Christian document to cite passages from the gospels as "holy scriptures." Justin Martyr who uses the phrase "memoirs" in order to benefit pagan readers
Canon of the NT emerges amidst argument on which books have the authority to the remain
Muratorian Canon, earliest Roman list of the NT, includes 22 of the 27 books in the canon
Marcion churches exclude the Old Testament and much of the New Testament writings in their canon because of Marcion’s heretical teachings that Yahweh in the Old Testament and Abba in the New Testament are two different Gods. Marcion is anti-Semitic and removes all evidence of Jesus’s Jewish heritage from the canon. Marcion’s NT canon includes 2/3 of the gospel of Luke and 10 of Paul’s epistles.
The rest of the church responded by accepting the OT, all 4 gospels, and 13 of Paul’s letters into the cannon
The Council of Florence decides to add the Apocrypha to the Roman Catholic OT canon
Origen and Dionysius of Alexandria acknowledge books as canon, though their lists are different than the final canon.
Revelation still widely debated and rejected by main biblical scholars
The Catholic Council of Trent (first ecumenical council to make a ruling on the canon) reaffirms the canonicity of the 46 books of the OT and 27 of the NT and confirms the authority of the text
Luther translated Bible from Hebrew and Greek to German. He regarded 7 books of the Apocrypha not part of the OT canon. He removed 4 NT books (Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation) from their normal order and placed them at the end because he believed they were less canonical.
Athanassius of Alexandria writes list of the “books that are canonized and handed down to us and believed to be divine.”
Includes books of the OT and all 27 books of the NT in the order we currently use
Pershitta (Syrian Bible) is finalized into its present form under the direction of Bishop Rabbula of Edessa. This is the most influential version of oriental descent.
Includes 4 gospels, Acts, 14 letters of Paul, James, 1 Peter and 1 John.
Before this, the Diatessaron, prepared by Tatian, was used in Syriac churches. It was a combination of the four gospels with his own insertions and additions (ca 170 CE).
Protestant Tradition
Roman Catholic Tradition
393: Council of Hippo gives sanction of conciliar authority in North Africa to the list of the 27 NT books
397: Third Council of Carthage reaffirms the decisions made at the Council of Hippo
Bibliography
Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, I and II Samuel, I and II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, I and II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, I and II Thessalonians, I and II Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, I and II Peter, I-III John, Jude, Revelation
Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, I and II Samuel, I and II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
Apocrypha: I and II Maccabees, Tobit, Judith, additions to Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Siriach, Baruch, Epistle to Jeremiah, additions to Daniel
New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, I and II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, I and II Thessalonians, I and II Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, I and II Peter, I-III John, Jude, Revelation
The Latin Vulgate Bible is translated by Jerome under commission from Pope Damasus.
OT contains 46 books
This translation becomes the Bible of Western Christianity, unrivaled for a thousand years.
This translation is still the current Latin Bible used by the Catholic Church
Coogan, Michael D., editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible, Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Freedman, David Noel, editor. The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, A-C. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Good, E.M. “Canon of the NT.” The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962.
McDonald, Lee Martin. The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority. Updated and rev. 3rd Edition. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub, 2007.
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CE Eusebius of Caesarea lists books of the NT canon: Four gospels, 14 letters from Paul, one from Peter and one from John
Pentateuch redacted from J, E, D and P sources. The Law is widely recognized as scripture at this point.
J: Written in Judah (Southern Kingdom) during the time of two kingdoms ca. 900 BCE
E: Written in Israel (Northern Kingdom) during the time of the two kingdoms ca. 800 BCE
D: First law code ca. 600 BCE
P: Expansion of the law code ca. 500 BCE