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Canonization of the Bible

621 BCE

132 BCE

250 BCE

The Hebrew Bible is divided into three sections: the Law, the prophets, and the writings that followed

Book of the Law found in the temple and brought to King Josiah. Mostly contained Deuteronomy. Deuteronomistic Code canonized. This marks the beginning of the canonization process.

200 BCE

Final editions of the prophetic books major and minor canonized. The end of prophecy. Some prophets have received recognition as sacred writings

The creation of the Septuagint (LXX). The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.

90 CE

70-150 CE

The canon of the OT allegedly finalized at the Council of Jamnia with 39 books included. This fact was widely accepted until the mid 20th century.

Books now found in the NT are written. Many Christian writings that did not end up in the NT were also written.

The four gospels were written between ca 65 and 100 CE.

The collection and publication of Pauline letters happens in this time.

2nd Century CE

6th Century BCE

Irenaeus and Tertullian emphasize the unity of the 4 gospels.

Tertullian emphasizes the unity of all the apostolic writings and is the first person to use the term “New Testament.”

Vetus Latina (Old Latin), collection of translations from Greek to Latin by Christian communities, a precursor to the Vulgate.

Genesis – 2 Kings stabilized in content and order around the middle of the 6th century

180 CE

150 CE

Melito of Sardis lists the books of the OT and calls them “books of the Old Testament”

150-200 CE

1 and 2 Timothy written in response to heretical teachings.

II Clement is the earliest Christian document to cite passages from the gospels as "holy scriptures." Justin Martyr who uses the phrase "memoirs" in order to benefit pagan readers

200 CE

140 CE

Canon of the NT emerges amidst argument on which books have the authority to the remain

Muratorian Canon, earliest Roman list of the NT, includes 22 of the 27 books in the canon

  • Four gospels, Acts, 13 letters of Paul (Hebrews excluded), 3 of the general epistles (1 and 2 John and Jude) and the Apocalypse of Peter

Marcion churches exclude the Old Testament and much of the New Testament writings in their canon because of Marcion’s heretical teachings that Yahweh in the Old Testament and Abba in the New Testament are two different Gods. Marcion is anti-Semitic and removes all evidence of Jesus’s Jewish heritage from the canon. Marcion’s NT canon includes 2/3 of the gospel of Luke and 10 of Paul’s epistles.

The rest of the church responded by accepting the OT, all 4 gospels, and 13 of Paul’s letters into the cannon

1442 CE

1546 CE

3rd Century CE

The Council of Florence decides to add the Apocrypha to the Roman Catholic OT canon

1536 CE

Origen and Dionysius of Alexandria acknowledge books as canon, though their lists are different than the final canon.

Revelation still widely debated and rejected by main biblical scholars

The Catholic Council of Trent (first ecumenical council to make a ruling on the canon) reaffirms the canonicity of the 46 books of the OT and 27 of the NT and confirms the authority of the text

367 CE

400-425 CE

Luther translated Bible from Hebrew and Greek to German. He regarded 7 books of the Apocrypha not part of the OT canon. He removed 4 NT books (Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation) from their normal order and placed them at the end because he believed they were less canonical.

Athanassius of Alexandria writes list of the “books that are canonized and handed down to us and believed to be divine.”

Includes books of the OT and all 27 books of the NT in the order we currently use

Pershitta (Syrian Bible) is finalized into its present form under the direction of Bishop Rabbula of Edessa. This is the most influential version of oriental descent.

Includes 4 gospels, Acts, 14 letters of Paul, James, 1 Peter and 1 John.

Before this, the Diatessaron, prepared by Tatian, was used in Syriac churches. It was a combination of the four gospels with his own insertions and additions (ca 170 CE).

393-397 CE

Protestant Tradition

Roman Catholic Tradition

393: Council of Hippo gives sanction of conciliar authority in North Africa to the list of the 27 NT books

397: Third Council of Carthage reaffirms the decisions made at the Council of Hippo

Bibliography

382 CE

Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, I and II Samuel, I and II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, I and II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, I and II Thessalonians, I and II Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, I and II Peter, I-III John, Jude, Revelation

Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, I and II Samuel, I and II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

Apocrypha: I and II Maccabees, Tobit, Judith, additions to Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Siriach, Baruch, Epistle to Jeremiah, additions to Daniel

New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, I and II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, I and II Thessalonians, I and II Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, I and II Peter, I-III John, Jude, Revelation

The Latin Vulgate Bible is translated by Jerome under commission from Pope Damasus.

OT contains 46 books

This translation becomes the Bible of Western Christianity, unrivaled for a thousand years.

This translation is still the current Latin Bible used by the Catholic Church

Coogan, Michael D., editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible, Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Freedman, David Noel, editor. The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, A-C. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Good, E.M. “Canon of the NT.” The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962.

McDonald, Lee Martin. The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority. Updated and rev. 3rd Edition. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub, 2007.

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325 CE

CE Eusebius of Caesarea lists books of the NT canon: Four gospels, 14 letters from Paul, one from Peter and one from John

400 BCE

Pentateuch redacted from J, E, D and P sources. The Law is widely recognized as scripture at this point.

J: Written in Judah (Southern Kingdom) during the time of two kingdoms ca. 900 BCE

E: Written in Israel (Northern Kingdom) during the time of the two kingdoms ca. 800 BCE

D: First law code ca. 600 BCE

P: Expansion of the law code ca. 500 BCE

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