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Aquatic Zones
Transcript
Photic Zone
Coral Reefs
- made up of coral animals
- organisms with hard external skeletons
- multicellular algae
- unicellular algae, which lives within the coral, provide them with food
- coral reefs are also home to a large variety of invertebrates (animals without a backbone) and fish
- shallow enough for light penetration (down to around 200 m)
- phytoplankton and multicellular algae process energy, which is consumed by a variety of animals
- animals in the benthic realm of the photic zone include
- sponges
- burrowing worms
- clams
- sea anemonies
- crabs
- echinoderms (such as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers)
- animals in the pelagic photic zone include
- zooplankton
- fish
- marine mammals
- and many more
- coral reefs are also found in this zone in tropical waters on submerged parts of continents (continental shelves
Pelagic Realm
- includes all open water (extremely large)
- biomass is much lower in open water than coastal water (something of a water-desert), so organisms need to go where there is food/mates
Benthic Realm
- seafloor (below 200m)
- organisms living here are called Benthos
- invertebrate community, including crustaceans and polychaetes.
Intertidal Zone
- where the ocean meets the land
- animals have to adapt to the behaviors of tides
- high tide: aggressive waves
- low tide: sunny and windy
- rocky parts are home to sedentary organisms that attach themselves to rocks to prevent being swept away
- algae, barnacles, mussels
- sandy parts are home to organisms that can bury themselves in the ground
- worms, clams, predatory crustaceans
Aphotic Zone
- between 200 and 1,000 m, there is still sunlight available but not enough for organisms for photosynthesis
- many organisms have adapted extremely large eyes
- organisms feed on sunken food from the photic zone
- some also rise to the surface to feed at night
- animals below 1,000 m are living in complete darkness
- many have outsized mouths, likely an adaptation to the scarce amount of food in their environment
- scarcity of food is also why there are so few animals down here
- at hydrothermal vents in the aphotic zone, chemoautotrophic bacteria (bacteria that oxidizes some inorganic compound as a source of energy) support a larger amount of life than elsewhere in the zone
- most animals feed on dead organic matter
- crustaceans
- polychaete worms
- sea anemones
- echinoderms
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