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Contributing Factor to Tobacco Smoking among Australian Youth

Health Promotion

Social networks

  • Whether a young

person's peer group or

parents are smokers

influence their choice

to smoke or not.

Burden of Disease Associated with Tobacco Smoking

  • Despite the large

amount of information

available about the

consequences of smoking

many young people

continue to smoke

  • An individual's exposure

to tobacco advertising and

product placement are

strongly associated with

smoking iniatiation.

Inequalities relating to tobacco smoking in Australian Youth

  • The ABS found that Indigenous Youth are 2-3 times as likely to be daily smokers
  • The ABS data indicates that the majority of the changes seen in the rates of youth smoking has not occured in remote regions. 47% of those aged 15+ in remote areas smoked daily in 2014-15

Read the following article about Youth smoking rates in 2016

  • Tobacco smoking contributes to 7.8% of the total burden of disease in Australia.
  • According to AIHW as of 2016 rates of young people smoking are very low.
  • More youth are showing no experience of smoking in their lifetime.
  • 1 in 5 16-17 year olds have ever used an e-cigarette. 39% did not know if it contained nicotine or not

Tobacco Smoking

Contributing factors to burden of disease in Australian Youth

Sedentary lifestyle

Food Intake:

Read the casestudy below & answer the questions in the designated section in OneNote

  • Youth are not choosing to be physically active throughout the week. They are often spending countless hours engaged with electronics or small screen recreation

Inequalities in relation to weight issues

  • Can cause an imbalance

between energy intake

and expenditure.

  • Young people consuming

energy dense food and

beverages such as snack

foods, sugary beverages.

  • Increased portion size can

also play a role.

Burden of disease associated with weight issues

  • Accoding to the ANPHA, compared with non-Indigenous Australians, Indigenous males a females are less likely to be overweight, however 1.6 (males) and 2.2 (females) times more likely to be obese.
  • Generally, people who live outside of major cities are more likely to have an unhealthy weight. This is ofen due to the low SES of these areas or the large number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals who populate these areas.
  • 3 in 10 Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian's indicated they were highly concerned about body image, according to a survey by Mission Australia

Read the following casestudy and answer the questions in the designated section in OneNote

  • Youth who do not smoke during Youth are less likely to smoke later in life.
  • Symptoms of addiction such as cravings can begin when youth smoke as few as 2 cigarettes per week. Evidence shows that young people can develop an addiction to nicotine within 2 months of starting to smoke.
  • AIHW figures show that smoking rates have steadily declined between 1991 and 2014, tobacco smoking is the most preventable cause of ill health and death in Australia.
  • Statistics show that being overweight & obese has become a major health and wellbeing concern for Australian Youth.
  • In 2015, approx 2-5% of those aged 12-17 years were considered underweight, 22% considered overweight and 15% as obese.
  • The % of youth who are overweight or obese has tripled over the last decade and continues to rise

Illicit Use of Drugs

Burden of Disease associated with Illicit Substance Use in Australian Youth

Inequalities relating to Ilicit substance Use

  • In 2016 Mission Australia found that around 1/3 of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth nominated alcohol use and drugs as a key issue facing Australian Youth
  • Indigenous Australians use illicit substances at a higher rate than the general population. In 2013 Indigenous Australians aged 14+ were:

- 1.6 times more likely to use any illicit substance in the last

12 months

- 1.9 times more likely to use cannabis

- 1.6 times more likely to use meth/amphetamines

- 1.5 times more likely to misuse pharmaceuticals

Weight Issues

  • In 2016, 17% of youth aged 14-19 years had used illicit substances in the previous 12 months.
  • Cannabis was the most commonly used illicit substance, with 16% of students aged 12-17 years having used it. 7% using it in the month before the survey.
  • According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey in 2013:

- 2.7% had tried ecstacy

- 1 in 5 deliberately sniffed an inhalant such as petrol or glue

- 1.6% had tried heroin

  • Those who experiment with illicit substances during youth are more likely to develop substance abuse issues later in life. They are also likely to suffer from organ damage such as the brain and depression.
  • The impact of an illicit substance depends on the type of drug, how it is taken and the duration of its use.
  • Some consequences of illicit substance use include:

- Social isolation

- Mental disorders

- Poor academic performance

- Unemployment

- Criminal behaviour

- Family breakdown

  • Youth may also experience health concerns caused by others who are under the influence of an illicit substance eg. parental substance use.

Contributing Factors to Illicit Substance Use

  • If youth are consuming more Kj's than they need for growth and activity, this will cause them to gain weight.
  • Being underweight can lead to a weakened immune system, increased risk of infection or disease, a lack of concentration at school due to low energy which can lead to stress or anxiety. Low body weight can also be associated with delayed puberty and a lack of achievement of peak bone mass.
  • Overweight/Obesity in youth is often associated with conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
  • In addition to the impact on physical health and wellbeing, social and mental aspects of youth's health and wellbeing may be impacted, as a result of bullying, stereotypes, social exclusion and discrimination.

Stress

Peer group

  • Young people may turn

to substance use due to

fears of not being accepted

in a social circle.

  • Youth may turn to

illicit substance use

as they produce

feelings of pleasure

and therefore can

reduce feelings of

distress that may

arise due to

conditions such as

anxiety.

Ananlyse Table 5.2

on page 174 in your

textbook

Burden of disease assoicated with sexual health of Australian Youth

Inequalities relating to sexual health

  • Higher rates of STI's are recorded in remote areas where 81% of reported cases are aged 15-24 years.
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are 10 times as likely to suffer an STI compared to the general popualtion. They are also 6 times more likely to be a teenage mother.

  • In 2014, there were more than 50,000 notifications of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis.
  • There were 13 births per 100,000 births to teenage mothers in 2014.
  • In 2015, the Australian Annual Surveillance Report found there was an estimate of 260,000 new cases of chlamydia for 15-19 years olds.
  • A survey conducted by LaTrobe University revealed that 54% of surveyed students reported recieving sexually explicit text messages. 26% said they had sent a sexually explicit photo of themselves to someone else.

Impact of Alcohol Use on BOD

Inequalities relating to alcohol use

  • 5% of 12-17 year lds reporting drinking 5 or more drinks on at least one of the past 7 days, with 9% of 16 year olds and 17% of 17 year olds drinking at this level.
  • Australian Drug Foundation data suggests that young people living in regional Victoria routinely drink at levels that put them at high risk compared to those living in urban areas.
  • Mission Australia found approx 1/3 of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people identified alcohol and drugs as an important issue in Australia. 32.2 % compared with 26.6% of non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people.
  • In the Alcohol and Drug Survey 2014, 40% of secondary students reported never drinking alcohol.
  • According to 2016 National Drug and Household Survey, 15% of young people aged 18-24% drank to levels that put them at very high risk of harm.
  • It accounts for 13% of all deaths amoung Australians aged 14-17 years.
  • Alcohol contributes to leading causes of teen death, such as injury or homicide.

Alcohol Use

Sexual Health

Binge drinking in youth is often associated with:

- Higher rates of death and inury

- Violence related trauma

- cuts concussions

- Impacts memory

- Impacts the ability to learn

- Impacts verbal skills

- Increase risk of alcohol related

conditions later in life

- Increase in mental health issues

such as depression, self-harm

and sucide.

Alcohol can:

- reduce alertness

- reduce concentration

- reduce coordination skills

- reduce problem solving ability

- promote risk taking behaviour

- Increase the risk of self harm

- Increase aggression

- Increase risk of unsafe sex

- Increase poor decision making

such as getting in a car with someone

who is intoxicated.

- Cause lower levels of self control and

therefore an inability to identify risks.

- Cause an inability to assess consequences

of actions.

Contributing factors to sexual health for youth

  • Youth under the age of 18 are recommended not to consume alcohol as their bodies and brains are undergoing rapid development, particularly in the areas of the brain which manage memory, learning, judgement, decision making and impulse control.
  • The Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016 found that the average age individuals aged 15-26years first consumed alcohol was 16.3 years
  • In order to reduce the risks assoicated with alcohol consumption the Departmentment of health and ageing reccommends not consuming more than:

- 2 standard drinks on any day (reduce lifetime risks)

- 4 standard drinks on any day (reduce short-term risks)

Areas of Youth Health & Wellbeing Requiring Action

Education

Geographical location

  • In rural areas condom access

is reduced due to lack of

availablity in supermarkets.

  • Lack of public transport hinders their ability to access services required for diagnosis or treatments.
  • A lack of knowlege

and inconsitent condom

use can increase risk of

STI's.

  • In 2013, 13% of year

10-12 students reported

never using a condom when

engaing in sexual activity.

  • It is not only about sexually transmitted infections but also about sexual relationships, safety and respect.
  • Youth can often be a time where sexual exploration takes place which can have short and long term consequences for youth health and wellbeing.
  • When a young person enagages in unsafe sex, they may expose themselves to a range of STI's which can be passed from person to person through sexual contact.
  • There are particular STI's such as herpes and HIV which are incurable and can affect health & wellbeing outcomes for the rest of a young person's life.
  • The sexual rights of all young people must be respected and proectected. Respectful relationships are ones where an individual does not feel pressured to engage in seuxal activity. Harrassment of intimidation can often occur through the form of cyberbullying or sexting and encougragement to pose for sexually explicit photos.

Use of social media or internet

  • The internet can provide youth with some reliable and confidential information in areas where they find the questions too hard to ask.
  • Social media is almost universal and therefore plays a large role in the development of sexual relationships with others.

Contributing factors to Alcohol Use

Physical Environment

Under Your Influence

Serving Alcohol in the home

  • The environment in which

teens drink can promote

or discourage excessive

alcohol consumption.

Social stereotypes/inclusion

  • Many parents believe serving

at home teaches youth to drink

responsibly, but research indicates

that youth whose families refuse

to serve them alcohol at home were

less like to drink at other times.

  • Young people who are from families

where there is either less supervision

or excessive control or conflict are

more likely to drink than those who

supported.

  • The belief that all young people

drink may cause them to drink in

first place.

  • Many young people consume

alcohol to fit in with others.

  • Many young people believe they

wont have the confidence to

participate in social situations

without alcohol.

Limited range of recreational/

socialising facilities

  • This could be a contributing

factor leading to excessive

drinkining among rural youth.

  • This is often due to sporting

clubs being among the few

leisure and social venues in

rural areas.

  • Youth living in rural areas are

also known to experience boredom

which increases their risk of

misusing alcohol

Exposure Asks: Sexual Health

Stress

Young Drivers Campaign

Discrimination

Injury

Impact of Injury on BOD in Australia

  • Under stress a person may feel tense, nervous or on edge. This causes the hormone adrenaline to surge through the body. It is characterised by feelings of tension, frustration worry, sadness and withdrawal.
  • Although the link is still somewhat unclear, there is evidence to suggest that stress is linked to conditions such as CVD, high blood pressure, increased risk of infection and chronic fatigue.
  • Long periods of stress can result in psychological disorders such as depression or anxiety.

Inequalities relating to Injury

  • Rural Youth are more likely to enagage in dangerous behaviours.
  • Indigenous young people are over 1.5 times more likely to experience injury & be hospitalised compared to other Australians of the same age.
  • Indigenous youth are 6 times more likely to die from assault and 4 times more likely to die due to suicide.
  • Males are 1.9 times more likely to be hospitalised for injury/poisoning then females.
  • Females aged 15-24 years are 2.8 times more likely to be hospitalised for self harm compared to males.
  • Males are more likely to be hospitalised due to assualt and are more likely to experience a traumatic brain injury compared to females

Mission Australia's 2016 Youth survey found that 12.8% of young people said that crime, safety and violence are considered a national concern

  • Discrimination is when person or group of people is treated differently based on their characteristics such as their sex, culture or sexual orientation.
  • Approximately 1 in 4 young people aged 15-19 years report that they have experienced unfair treatment or discrimination based on race, gender & age.
  • It can have a significant influence on health and wellbeing, having an impact on mental health such as creating stress and the increase in the engagement of risk taking behaviours such as smoking and alchol use.
  • The umbrella term that refers to a range of causes of mortality and morbidity such as road traffic accidents, drownings, violence and poisoning.
  • Injury is still currently the leading cause of death in Australian youth. Most of these injuries are largely preventable.
  • According to AIHW, the leading cause of death for youth aged 15-24 years in 2012-14 were suicide, land transport accidents, accidental poisioning and assault.
  • Land transport accidents were the main reason for hospitalisation of youth in 2013-14.
  • The above statistics contribute to morbidity & mortality rates, ultimately impacting to overall BOD in Australia

Burden of Disease & Inequalities associated with stress

  • 14% of young people aged 12-17 years had a mental disorder in the last 12 months. Anxiety being the most common followed by ADHD.
  • 1 in 4 young people are living with a mental disorder and 9% of young people reported to experience very high levels of psychological distress.
  • 1/3 of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people have reported high levels of psychological distress, more than twice that of non-Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people

Contributing Factors to Injury

Developing Independence

  • Increases the opportunity for young people to make decisions which can increase risk taking behaviours
  • Results in youth being more mobile with less supervision

Education

  • Health literacy regarding accident prevention.
  • Highlighting importance of compliance with safety regualtions, speed limits, seat belt use and vehicle road worthiness.

Peer Acceptance

  • A motivating factor in risk taking rather than long term health and wellbeing concerns.

Workplace

  • May need to perform jobs they are not trained in.
  • Dangerous equipment may be used.
  • May not stay in job long enough to receive adequate training.

Risk taking Behaviour

  • High number of road traffic accidents.
  • Increased risk of a crash in youth is linked to speeding, fatigue, being under the influence of alcohol or drugs, driving at night, presence of other passengers.

Infrastructure

  • Roads may be poor in quality

Contributing factors for stress

Social networks

Independance

Impact of Discrimination on BOD in Aus

  • Primary sources of stress

for youth include relationships

with family and friends

Contributing factors for Discrimination

  • Finding a balance

between independence

and reliance on others can

create high stress levels.

  • Youth are often ill equip to

cope, communicate &

problem solve

Majority of Young Australians say racism is prevalent at social and sporting events

Education

social isolation

Gender

  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are almost twice as likely to report having experienced racial discrimiation compared to Non-Indigenous peers.
  • In Non-Indigenous young people causes of discrimination were gender (39.1%), race (30.8%) and almost half of females indicating the were discriminated against based on gender.
  • LGBTIQ young people report experiencing verbal or homophobic abuse (18%) and other homophobia including grafitti, cyberbullying and social exclsuion.
  • Feeling pressured due to

schoolwork can influence

health behaviours such as

smoking and drinking.

  • It can also cause more frequent health concerns such as headaches and abdominal pain

More than twice the number of females respondents compared to males reported gender was the reason they experienced discrimination (40.7% compared to 19.5%)

Social interaction can often become a problem for those with Non-English speaking backgrounds. This is often due to language and cultural differences resulting in bullying.

Ethnicity

Young people from different ethnic backgrounds can feel caught between two sets of cultural values. Often their Parents may be afraid of losing their traditions should Australian values be taken on. This can often result in strict disciplines with their young people to address any permissiveness.

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