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Nuclear Medicine: PET Scan

By Ava George and Brooke Jovanich

What to Expect

  • Process:

1. Change into gown

2. Needle insertion

3. Medical history

4. Blood sugar level

5. "Do not move"

Contributions

Safety

  • David E. Kuhl, Luke Chapman and Roy Edwards
  • introduced concept
  • Michael E. Phelps and Edward J. Hoffman
  • further inventors
  • James Robertson
  • built first single-plane PET Scan
  • Dr. Ron Nutt and Dr. David Townsend
  • invented the first PET Scan
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Avoid young children
  • No eating or drinking
  • Diabetic
  • No metal

How it Works

What is it?

Radionuclides

  • nuclear medicine imaging test
  • uses forms of radioactive sugars
  • imaging used to detect abnormal cell/organ function
  • 3D Image
  • Isotopes with short half-lives
  • Different isotopes for different tests
  • Carbon-11: brain scan
  • Krypton-79: Cardio function
  • Administered
  • injected, swallowed or inhaled
  • Break down and emit positrons
  • Gamma rays created

Conclusion

Post-Scan

Detection

  • Drink plenty fluids
  • Flush tracers out completely
  • Radiologist interprets image
  • Results received in a follow-up appointment
  • Non-invasive test to diagnos and keep track of abnormalities in cell/organ function
  • Shows more extensive diseases than a CT/MRI
  • Scanner detects gamma rays
  • Computer analyzes gamma rays
  • Amount of radionuclide collected indicates level of organ/tissue function
  • different levels of positrons (different colors)
  • creates images

Real World Applications

Future

Cancer

  • Most common use
  • Glucose-mimicking molecules injected
  • FDG (radioactive material+sugars)
  • Cancers consume glucose
  • Use more glucose than normal tissue
  • FDG more concentrated in cancerous areas

Reactions

  • Emission of a positron
  • Positron speeds out of nucleus
  • neutron stays inside
  • PET Scan of the brain
  • common reaction:
  • A continuous effort to improve PET technology
  • Trying to combine tests
  • Combining MRI’s and CT with PET scans

  • Diagnose cancer
  • Determine the stage
  • Used if other imaging tests are unclear
  • Find out if cancer treatment is working
  • Check if cancer has come back (recurred)
  • Diagnose nervous system and cardiovascular diseases
  • Assistance with biopsies

Scanner

  • circular arrangements of detectors
  • detectors pick up the pattern of radioactivity
  • Takes up to an hour
  • Multiple Angles

Risks

Benefits

  • Unique information
  • Diagnosis
  • Cheaper
  • Proactive

  • Low radiation exposure
  • No long-term adverse effects
  • Procedure risks
  • Allergic reactions
  • Little pain

Sources

Internet:

Hopkins Staff. (2014). Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan). Retrieved from Health Library: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org

Times Staff. (2004, August 4). Edward J. Hoffman. Retrieved from Los Angeles Times: http://articles.latimes.com

Bernal, G. (2014, March 3). History of PET Scanners. Retrieved from History of PET Scanners: http://large.stanford.edu

Canadian cancer Society . (n.d.). Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Retrieved from Canadian Cancer Society : http://www.cancer.ca

Guiberteau, M. (2015, June 11). Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography (PET/CT. Retrieved from Radiologyinfo.org: http://www.radiologyinfo.org

Hoad-Robson, D. R. (2015, March 12). PET scan . Retrieved from Patient : http://patient.info

Hofman, D. M. (2009, July 15). PET scan. Retrieved from Inside Radiology: http://www.insideradiology.com

Feliu, A.L. (1988). Journal of chemical education.65(8), 655 660. http://pubs.acs.org

Non-internet:

Saha, G. B. (2005). Basics of PET Imaging. New York: Springer.

Jovanovich, M. (2015, December 6). PET scans. (B. Jovanovich, Interviewer)

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