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Byzantine

Some systems are difficult or impossible to interpret

Slavic or "Znamenny" notation

  • Continuing hybrid oral-literate tradition
  • Significant improvisatory expectations!
  • No pitch reference points
  • Complex and layered orthography
  • Interpretation changes depending on era
  • Significant improvisatory expectations
  • Extant tradition (though somewhat less so than Byzantine)
  • Highly complex orthography
  • Color
  • "Hooks and banners"

These include:

  • Aramaic Ekphonetic
  • Hispanic/Mozarabic

Although there is often, if not always a degree of guesswork in attempting to decipher neumatic notation, in these two cases especially we do not have enough evidence to suggest a plausible reading.

Major issues

  • Absolute pitch
  • Tuning
  • Rhythm
  • Ornamentation

Why neumes?

  • Orality vs. Literacy
  • Aids vs. Substitutes

Diastematic and Daseian - Transitional forms

Neumatic Notation:

History and Practice

Major Western Neumatic Systems

  • Aramaic Ekphonetic
  • Byzantine
  • Slavic
  • Hispanic/Mozarabic
  • Diastematic
  • Daseian
  • Gothic/Hufnagel
  • Plainchant

Guido of Arezzo

Hucbald

Plainchant

Modern practice

(for the most part) -

Solesmes

Gothic/Hufnagel

Practice prior to 19th century -

Who knows?

Literally "hoof-nail"

  • Increasing literacy
  • Multiple lines necessitate greater precision in both rhythm and pitch
  • On a staff
  • Adapted for more syllabic writing
  • A mix of "notes" and neumes
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