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Bibliography

http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/Z1CgMudYTJWzpTi-TW1IAA

http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/continuity-in-african-culture-from-ancient-egypt-to-the-benin-empire/

http://richard-hooker.com/sites/worldcultures/CIVAFRCA/FOREST.HTM

Ancient World HIstory Textbook

Tigweb.org

Britannica.com

http://go.webassistant.com/wa/upload/users/u1000170/pages/0710-640854706ndHGIRg7dAO/map_43.html

http://www.azhumanities.org/speakers2-.php?num=63

http://ifeooye.blogspot.com/2013/07/book-serial-ile-ife-city-of-201-gods.html

http://www.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Hausa

http://www.nairaland.com/211401/new-map-nigeria-fulani-hausa/15

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/west_africa.htm

http://wysinger.homestead.com/beninwarriors.html

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg

http://thelosttreasurechest.wordpress.com/2011/07/28/historical-warrior-illustration-series-part-xv/

Religion

The Europeans

- One of the few African societies that kept their religion and culture instead of being engulfed in the rising islam

- The Portuguese began to arrive at ports of Benin

- This caused success for both in trade

- over time, the Portuguese began to take over areas that these tribes owned and set up colonies

- Africans were also enslaved during this period

Yoruba

Context

Characteristics

  • Lived in modern day Southwestern Nigeria
  • Still exists today, started in 1100 CE with the rise of Ife
  • Kingdoms were surrounded by rural farms, which produced a surplus for the cities
  • Farming Villages united to form the first kingdoms
  • Ife and Oyo were largest kingdoms
  • The kings of Yoruba were the religious and political leaders
  • Considered "divine"
  • All are descendents of the first king of Ife
  • Created much art depicting their rulers out of wood, ivory, clay, and metal casts

The City

Trade and Farming

Significance

- Created walls to fortify the city and also helped establish organization

- Houses around the city with a central courtyards and forums

- The city is most known for its art

- the art was made of terra-cotta, ivory, or grass

- In time as the city grew, it attracted European influence

  • Ife and Oyo strongly influenced Benin's culture
  • Art styles were ahead of its time and influenced many other civilizations
  • Involved in much African trade

Are the 2 most important factors of this society

Farming

  • simply is the supply of food
  • Used for trade
  • Trade
  • Needed items such as salt, grain and cloth
  • Many of the city states were located on the trade routes that linked other African states to the Mediterranean
  • Supplied and traded with many caravans making their way through the trade routes

Zazzau

  • City-state created a slave system and sold people for guns, horses, and other needs

The Army

City-states

Connection to themes

-Was established by a king named Ewuare around 1400

- Utilized to conquer neighboring cities and states

- Provided more dominance to Benin and brought wealth

- With trade and the wealth from conquer they were able to make a city

Benin

  • Had many small city states that had similiar forms of Government and control
  • Local rulers created walled cities for their capital
  • Hausa Rulers governed their city and other small villages that were found around around the capital
  • Had armies for each city that protected the city and fought their neighbors for control of fighting
  • Due to these small armies constantly fighting, Hausa was never able to develop an Empire

Context

Hausa

  • Formed trading partners all throughout Africa and traded through Europe too.
  • Resisted change to religion, mostly kept it's old religion
  • Inter-regional trade developed rapidly and created increased diversity

- Was a tribute monarchy that came from the Yoruba

- Located near the Delta of the Niger river

- Lived in the forest

- Kings based his right to rule of his ancestors (just like Yoruba)

- Built Army

- Created relatively large City due to control

- European Influence

Context

- Savannah Area located east of Mali and Songhai which is located in modern Nigeria

- Located on the trade routes that linked other west African states to The Mediterranean sea

- Relied heavily on trade and farming

- City States

The Forest People of West Africa

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