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HISTORICAL

BACKGROUND

THE STATE OF LITERATURE

The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit”.

posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.

Some of the writers and their works of the periods are:

  • Twilight in Tokyo and passion and death of the usaffe by Leon Ma. Guerrero
  • For freedom and democracy by S.P. Lopez
  • Betrayal in the Philippines by Hernando Abaya
  • Seven hills away by NVM Gonzales

Poetry in English during this period

  • Heart of the Islands (1947) a collection of poems by Manuel Viray
  • Prose and poem (1952) by Nick Joaquin
  • Philippine writing (1953) by T.D. Agcaoili
  • Philippine havest by Amador Daguio
  • Philippines cross section (1950) a collection of prose and poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros

NOVELS AND

SHORT STORIES

"Without seeing the Dawn" by Stevan Javellanas

In 1946, the barangay writers whose aim was to publish works in English by Filipinos was established.

In 1958- the PEN Center of the Philippines was inaugurated.

Francisco Arellana published his pen anthology of short story.

A NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE

Most themes in the writings deal with:

1. Japanese brutalities

2. The poverty of life

3. The brave guerrilla exploits

tagalog poetry acquired not only rhyme but substance and meaning.

Short stories had better characters and events based on facts and realities and themes were more meaningful

Novels became common but were still read by the people for recreation.

Many books were published during this time, among which were:

4. Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952) by Alejandro Abadilla

5. Maikling Katha ng Dalawampung Pangunahing Autor (1962) by A.G. Abadilla and Ponciano E.P. Pineda

6. Parnasong Tagalog (1964) collection of selected poems by Huseng Sisiw and Balagtas, collected by A.G. Abadilla

7. Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pag-aaral ng Panitikan (1965) by Rufino Alejandro.

8. Ang Maikling Kwentong Tagalog (1886-1948) by

Teodoro Agoncillo

9. Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (1961-1967) by Rogelio G. Mangahas

10. Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan (Kapisanang Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik) 1965 by Efren Abueg

11. Makata (1967) first cooperative effort to publish the poems of 16 poets in Pilipino

12. Pitong Dula (1968) by Dionisio Salazar

13. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang Pilipino (1970) by Efren Abueg. In this book, Abueg proved that it is possible to have a national integration of ethnic culture in our country.

14. Mga Aklat ni Rizal: Many books about Rizal came out during this period. The law ordering the additional study of the life of Rizal helped a lot in activating our writers to write books about Rizal.

THE PERIOD OF

ACTIVISM

(1970-1972)

PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACARDS

  • First Prize “The ritual” by Cirilo F. Bautista
  • Second Prize “Beast in the fields” by Resil Mojares
  • Third Prize “Children of the city” by Amadis Ma. Guerrero
  • First Prize “The tomato game” by N.V.M. Gonzales
  • Second Prize “The Apollo centennial” by Gregorio C. Brillantes
  • Third Prize “Agter this, our exile” by Elsa Martinez Coscolluela

Almost themes in most writings dealt with the development of the country.

Like the green revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution.

Themes of Poems

  • Patience
  • Native Culture
  • Customs
  • Beauties and Nature and surroundings

Those who wrote poetry

  • Ponciano Pineda
  • Aniceto Silvestre
  • Jose Garcia Revelo
  • Bienvenido Ramos
  • Vicente Dimasalang
  • Cir Lopez Francisco
  • Pelagio Sulit Cruz

Many more composers added their bit during this period. Among them were:

  • Freddie Aguilar
  • Jose Marie Chan
  • the Group Tito Vic, and Joey.

In 1977, the tales of Manuvu , a new style of rock of the ballet opera was also added to these presentations.

  • Celeste Legaspi
  • Lea Navarro
  • Hadji Alejandro
  • Boy Camara
  • Antony Castello
  • Rey Dizon
  • Alic Reyes

Radio continued to be patronized during this period.

The Play Series

  • Si Matar
  • Dahilan
  • Ito ang palad ko
  • Mr. Lonely

Popular Television Plays were

  • Gulong ng Palad
  • Flor de Luna
  • Anna Liza
  • Superman and Tarzan

Yearly Filipino Film Festival was held during this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.

1. Maynila sa kuko ng liwanag written by Edgardo Reyes and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Roco was the lead role.

2. Minsa'y isang gamu-gamo; Nora Aunor was the principal performer here.

3. Aguila led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de Leon

COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.

The leading papers during this period were

  • Bulletin today
  • Times journal
  • Peoples Journal
  • Balita
  • Pilipino express
  • Philippines daily express
  • Evening post
  • Evening express

FILIPINO POETRY

POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THE THIRD REPUBLIC

Most especially, during the wake of the tragic Benigno Aquino Jr.'s incident.

Alfredo Navarro Salanga, a consistent writer of Philippine Panorama Magazine in his column " Post-Pradal Reflections" aptly said it: “darkness in the mind and soul is how some forgotten poet puts it. Its suddenness was so profound that we couldn’t but react to it in any other way.”

Books of the period

  • 1982 PLAYS FOR CHILDREN by James B. Reuter S.J
  • 1983 STORY TELLING FOR YOUNG CHILDREN
  • 1983 JOSE AND CARDO by Peggy Corr Manuel

Change in the direction of greater consciousness in content and form.

Change in the number of readers and the number of writers and the kind of class of writers. Writers who joined the ranks came not only from the established or professional groups but from all ranks –clerks, secretaries, drivers, housewives, students; in short, the masses.

The resurgence of Balagtasismoand the continued dominance of Modernismo.

1981:PHILIPPINE FOLK LITERATURE by DamianaEugenio

1981:ADVENTURES OF MARIAN by Carissa OrosaUy

1982:SOMEWHERE BETWEEN YOUR SMILE AND YOUR FROWN AND OTHER POEMS by Bienvenido M. NoeigaJr.

1983:PARES-PARES by Bienvenido M. Noriega Jr.

1983:AGON: POEMS, 1983 by Edgar B. Maranan

1984:THE FARMER by Alfredo Navarro Salanga

1984:THE ROAD TO MOWAB AND OTHER STORIES by LeoncioP. Deriada

History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their independence which they lost twenty years ago.

In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the Philippines, several changes already became evident.

THE LITERARY REVOLUTION

Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government. In the expression of this desire for change, keen were the writings of some youth who were fired with nationalism in order to emphasize the importance of their petitions.

July 4, 1946

The Philippines regained its freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chain were broken.

Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions.

The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating American Army.

The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA!

The once aristocratic writers developed awareness for society.

ALEJANDRO ABADILLA

3. Ako’y Isang Tinig (1952) by

Genoveva Edroza Matute

1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by

Alejandro Abadilla

THE SEED OF ACTIVISM

Genoveza Edroza Matute

The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. We can, however, say that he seeds were earlier sown from the times of Lapu-lapu, Lakandula, and Rizal. The revolution against the powerful forces in the Philippines can be said to be the monopoly of the youth in whose veins flow the fire in their blood. What Rizal said of the youth being the hope of the Fatherland –is still valid even today.

WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM

The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this period of the mass revolution. It was also during this period that Bomba films that discredit our ways as Filipinos started to come out.

PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

Established in 1950, the Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature had been giving cash prizes for short story, poetry and one-act play writing as an incentive to Filipino writers. The prizes come from La Tondena, Inc., the firm founded by the late Carlos Palanca Sr.

ENGLISH SHORT STORY

ENGLISH POETRY

Pineda also said that this was the time when the youth once more proved that it is not the constant evasion that shapes our race and nationalism.There is a limit to one’s patience. It may explode like a volcano if overstrained.Life? What avails like if one is a coward who does not take a stand for himself and for the succeeding generations?

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY

(1972-1980)

The Period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972.

The new society tried to stop pornography or those writings giving bad influences on the morals of people

Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give the annual awards

Filipino Poems

RADIO AND TELEVISION

The Play Under the New Society

The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo, and the Embayoka of the Muslims.

The Children’s Communication Center (CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio S. Almario, already has built up an impressive collection of these kinds of books.

MEDIA OF 1983

"It was a year of ferment, and change, of old problems made more oppressive by the new throbbing beat of the times.”

- Sheila S. Coronel, PANORAMA staff

For journalists, it was a year loaded with libel charges, lawsuits and seditious trials which they gallantly bore as harassment suits.

FILIPINO FILMS

The following organizations contributed a lot to the development of plays during this period:

  • PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka
  • REPERTORY PHILIPPINES of Rebecca Godines and Zennida Amador
  • UP REPERTORY of Behn Cervantes
  • TEATRO FILIPINA of Rolando Tinio

THE PROSE (FABLES)

The people’s cry of protest found outlets not only in poetry but also in veiled prose fables which transparently satirized the occupants of Malacañang. Among those that saw prints were:

1. The Emperor's New Underwear by Meynardo A. Macaraig

2. The King's Cold by Babeth Lolarga

3. The Case of the Missing Charisma ( Unfinished ) by Sylvia L. Mayuga

THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH AT THIS TIME

Periods (1986-1999)

SOME WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD

In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed.

Isagani Cruz, writing about Philippine literature in the “Age of Ninoy,”makes the following observations:

“Philippines literature is definitely changing,”and he summarizes these as follows:

The birth of a new poetic movement still dims in outline. The apparent merging of the erstwhile separate streams of oral and written literature.

Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)

FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS PERIOD

On Books: Philippine literature is still in the making…we are just beginning a new era.

Here are a few Filipino songs that were often heard. They were often aired in radio and television and often accompanied the historical events that transpired in the Philippines and gained for the Filipinos world-wide acclaim.

On Newspapers and other publications:

The Phillippine revolution of 1986 and the fire of its spirit that will carry the Filipinos through another epoch in Philippine history is still being documented just as they have been in the countless millions who participated in body and spirit in its realization.

An album named HANDOG NG PILIPINO SA MUNDO carried a compilation of some of these.

Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers became instant opposition papers overnight. This was true of BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper.

Bookfair Manila ’88 organized by the Philippine Exhibit Company was held on February 20-28, 1988.

By June 12, 1986, a total of 19 local dailies both in English and Filipino were in circulation.Nowhere since the 1950’s had there been such a big number of newspapers in circulation (excluding tabloids).

OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATUE DURING THE NEW SOCIETY

After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.

THE REBIRTH

OF FREEDOM

(1946-1970)

FILIPINO SONGS

LIWAYWAY had been an old-time favorite of the Filipinos since 1920.

other magazines were kislap and bulaklak

PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD

Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government. The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting language.

Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen.

Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education as early as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in September 21, 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education. The focus of education and culture was on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolves to carry out plans and programs.

The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The people’s love for sex films also was unabated.

M.K.T.M. :)

The contemporary period

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