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Conclusions

References

  • Genre of genocide films is not expansive

  • The Holocaust commands attention

  • Lack of representation of female perpetrators is common

  • The attempts at representation are lacking

  • Established stereotypes are perpetuated by the industry
  • Benigni, R. (1997). Life is Beautiful [DVD].
  • Caton-Jones, M. (2005). Beyond the Gates [DVD].
  • Daldry, S. (2008). The Reader [Amazon Video].
  • George, T. (2004). Hotel Rwanda [Netflix].
  • Gulaid, H. (2011, January 21). Ordinary Women: Understanding Female Agency in the Perpetration of Genocide [Web]. Armenian Weekly. Retrieved from http://armenianweekly.com/2011/01/21/ordinary-women-understanding-female-agency-in-the-perpetration-of-genocide/
  • Herman, M. (2008). The Boy in the Striped Pajamas [DVD].
  • Ieng Thirith. (n.d.). [Web]. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/indicted-person/ieng-thirith
  • Khmer Rouge ex-minister Ieng Thirith released. (2012, September 16). [Web]. BBC. BBC News Service. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19615534

Why is this important?

The Reader

References

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Johanna Altvater

Cambodia

  • An exception to the rule of omission?

  • Romance story takes precedence

  • Perpetrator is victimized by her illiteracy

  • No depiction of direct violence
  • These movies seem to suggest that although women were present in the camps, they did not engage in direct killing

  • The reality was very different
  • Johanna Altvater - Candy
  • Erna Petri - Shooting
  • Liesel Willhaus - Targets
  • Vera Wohlauf - Treblinka
  • Lisolotte Meirer - Hunting

Erna Petri

  • Life Is Beautiful (1998). (n.d.). [Web]. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lifeisbeautiful.htm
  • Maier, D. J. (2012). Women Leaders in the Rwandan Genocide: When Women Choose To Kill [Web]. UNIversitas. University of Northern Iowa. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from https://www.uni.edu/universitas/article/women-leaders-rwandan-genocide-when-women-choose-kill
  • Peck, R. (2005). Sometimes in April [Netflix].
  • Schindler’s List (1993). (n.d.). [Web]. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=schindlerslist.htm
  • Simons, M. (2011, June 24). Life Sentences in Rwanda Genocide Case [Web]. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/world/africa/25rwanda.html?_r=0
  • Spielberg, S. (1993). Schindler’s List [Amazon Video].
  • The Killing Fields (1984). (n.d.). [Web]. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=killingfields.htm
  • Theodore, W. (2009). Genocide. In J. A. O’Brien (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Waller, J. E. (2007). Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing. Google Books. Oxford University Press, USA. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=5QRHKMa_rqgC

Liesel Willhaus

  • Females in the story:
  • Mother
  • Daughter
  • Maid

  • No direct acts of violence

  • Victimization of the mother elicits sympathy even though she is complicit in the crime
  • Attempted depiction of female perpetrators
  • One direct act of violence

  • Not a fair representation of reality
  • Female comrades = mit neary

  • Women were also in positions of power
  • Ieng Thirith

Rwanda

Life is Beautiful

  • Presence of female killers was well documented
  • No female perpetrators present in any of the movies analyzed
  • Women are only victims or saviors
  • Grossed a lifetimes total of $229,163,264

  • Female perpetrators are guards

  • Most significant woman: A nanny

  • Female perpetrators are subservient to their male counterparts

  • No women engaged in direct acts of violence

The Method

  • Focus on feature films

  • No documentaries

  • Noted female perpetrators represented in each film and their acts of violence

The Holocaust

Rwanda's Female Killers

  • Pauline Nyiramasuhuku
  • "Minister of Rape"

  • Athanasie Mukabataria
  • Machete in Hospitals

  • Felicitee Semakuba
  • Pregnant Shooter

  • Sisters Gertrude Mukangango and Julienne Kizito
  • Convicted for Crimes Against Humanity
  • Most depicted of the genocides

  • Movies:
  • Schindler's List
  • Life is Beautiful
  • The Boy in the Striped Pajamas
  • The Reader

Pauline Nyiramasuhuku

Schindler's List

  • Grossed a lifetime total of $321,306,305

  • Only female perpetrators are guards
  • No acts of direct violence

  • Female are categorized in three groups:
  • Victims
  • Helen Hirsch
  • Witnesses
  • Wife to Oskar Schindler
  • Wives/lovers of Nazi Members
  • Lover of Amon Goeth

The Argument

  • Film industry has failed at recognizing women as violent participants
  • Why?
  • Females are seen as nurturers and life-givers

  • An accurate depiction in the realm of popular culture is essential

Representation of Female Perpetrators of Genocide in Film

By Antonella Regueiro

Nova Southeastern University

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