Língua inglesa III - Phonetics and Phonology 2019-1

How would you respond the following quote?

Places of articularion - These are related to the modifications in breathing when speaking and are related to the consonants of the alphabet. There is debate on the literature concerning the types of manner of articulation, but we will briefly define the three kinds described by McMahan (2002): Stops; Fricatives; and Approximants.

Things we need to learn

In pairs

The Simple Past

Do you feel guilty when you take a day off?

Are you as "productive" as you`d like to?

Do you postpone your work? Why (not)

What does the work success mean to you?

Do you consider yourself successful?

Prepositions

Língua inglesa III: Phonetics and Phonology - 2019/1

Present Perfect

Words that can be related to the Present Perfect tense

USES of PRESENT PERFECT

1- It is used when the time period has not finished

Ex: “I have watched four movies this week”

(the week has not finished)

2 – It is often used when the time is not mentioned

Ex: “Gabriela has failed her exam again”

3 – It is often used when the time is recent

Ex: “Fabiana has just arrived in São Paulo by bus”

4 – It is often used with FOR and SINCE

Ex: “Gabi has lived in Campo Grande for three years”

“Gabi has lived here since 2016”

The past perfect

Bucket List

https://bucketlist.org/featured/

- Indicates that an action was completed (finished) at some point in the past before something else happened.

- This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (HAD) plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form):

What do you want to do that you have not done yet?

Write a composition about some of your accomplishments in life. Why are they important? What do you wish to accomplish in the future?

What are some of the things you have already accomplished at this time in your lives?

I wish I had brought my umbrella today

Semi-Vowels

Pronunciation App

https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/sounds-the-pronunciation-app/id428243918?mt=8

For Fun =)

Common Pronunciation mistakes

http://www.cristinacabal.com/?p=5903

http://www.macmillanenglish.com/pronunciation/interactive-phonemic-charts/

English Vowels

http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/

Adrian Underhill

http://australianlinguistics.com/speech-sounds/phonemic-transcription/

English Vowels - practice at home

The Schwa Sound

We may say Phonetics comprises a wide range of sounds, represented by symbols (the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet emerged in 1888 and, as we know, it has gone through many changes over the years), for all languages, being universal. While phonology is the study of abstract sounds system of a specific language. Of course things are not that simple in practice but this is a valuable distinction we may teach learners who are entering the field of sounds

English Vowels

Some people wonder where this name came from. It`s originally from Hebrew, meaning nought or absence of vowel. It`s also said to be derived from two German words - Schwaches (weak) and Ausspruch (pronunciation).

Production of the sound: just open your mouth a little and emit voice. Your mouth should be in neutral position.

This is one of the most frequent sounds in English.

Consonants x Vowels

The articulatory difference

Consonantal sounds, which may be voiced ([v]) or voiceless ([f]), are made with either a complete closure ([p]) or a narrowing ([f]) of the vocal tract. The airflow is either blocked momentarily or restricted so much that noise is produced as air flows past the constriction.

In contrast, vowels are produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract (you will note that for all vowels the tip of your tongue stays down by your lower front teeth) and are usually voiced.

/i:/ x /I/ sounds

Disciplines which deal with sounds in linguistics

Voiced or Unvoiced -ed Ending of Past Tense Verbs

The "-ed" endings of regular past tense verbs are pronounced either (1) a /t/ sound, (2) a /d/ sound, or (3) an /id/ sound. Verbs ending with an /id/ sound are easier to teach.

For the word "work," the /k/ sound (not the letter sound) determines that the ending for "worked" is pronounced "work/t/"; for the word "clean," the /n/ sound determines that "cleaned" is pronounced "clean/d/."

"Voiced Sounds" Have a /d/ Ending

For example, for the verb "save," "save" is the base form and the final sound is "vvvvvv." - vibration of the throat = /d/ sound

"Voiceless Sounds" Have a /t/ Ending

For example, for the verb "miss," "miss" is the base form and the final sound is "sssssss." - NO VIBRATION = /t/ sound

http://www.luizotaviobarros.com/2016/10/pronunciation-ed-endings.html

-ED - Let's practice it

Phonetics x Phonology

O que fazer semanalmente/ diariamente?

Phonology

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

is related to each specific language and its characteristics. Phonologists are interested in patterns of sound of particular languages.

Phonetics identifies precisely which speech organs and muscles are involved in producing sounds

ACOUSTIC AND AUDITORY PHONETICS

For instance, English speakers will tend to agree that although nonexistent, “snill” is a possible word (in linguistic terms, and accidental gap in vocabulary) whereas “fnill” is not possible (or a systematic gap – which results from the rules of the English sound System).

Focus on physics of speech, how sound travels from speaker to hearer forming sounds waves and the effects of those waves on the brain and ear of the hearer.

Through this simple example, we may note that even speakers who do not know specific linguistic terms, people who share a common language naturally develop an intuition (based on the sound system of the language) of what is acceptable or not.

Therefore, Phonetics has to do with anatomy, physiology, physics and neurology

Practicing consonants

Segmental and Suprasegmental phonology

We can study phonology in at least two segments: Segmental phonology, which deals with sounds individually;

and Suprasegmental phonology, which deals with sounds that goes beyond segment, as word sounds, stress, rhythm, intonation among others.

The "th" sound

The Th sound - read the article below as part of your homework.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/09/28/th-sound-to-vanish-from-english-language-by-2066-because-of-mult/

Game =)

Get into two groups. Write ten words (with /th/ initials of /h/ or /r/ etc). When the groups are ready, one volunteer from one group should choose a number and a member of the opposite group should tell him the word secretly. The person then has 30 seconds to mouth the word silently for this group to guess. If the groups can`t guess the word, the person has 10 seconds to mime. The group scores a point for each word guessed and pronounced correctly.

Phoneme

Organs of Speech

Allophones

Homographs

the smallest meaningful distinguishing unit of a language

The same phoneme may have one or more allophone.

Example - the phoneme /p/ and the allophones for pin or spin

- Fazer a tarefa do livro

- Ler ao menos uma reportagem em inglês:

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/13/brazil-dilma-rousseff-impeachment-michel-temer-cabinet

- Fazer diversas atividades online sobre assuntos diversos (ex. pronomes):

http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english

- Ler um artigo acadêmico (ou parte de livro) em inglês:

MCMAHON, APRIL. An introduction to English phonology, 2002 - Capítulo 1 (Sounds, spelling and symbols)

- Assistir um vídeo em inglês (com legendas em inglês):

- phonetics x phonology

- generative syntax

READ

/ri:d/ - present

x

/r d/ - past

same spelling =

= pronunciation, sound

Homophones

The same language, depending on the accent, may present the same phoneme with different allophones. And this is one of the areas of study for phonologists: accents. Of course these scholars will describe it only in an idealization of the referred accent as they are always changing.

Heel x Heal

= sound /hi:l/

= spelling

Dinâmicas de aula

Homework - learn the sounds through the link below. Have fun!!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/pronunciation?ocid=wseng_prt_smc_facebook_mkt_br_BBCLEARNING_OBAN

Minimal Pairs

The phoneme is the mental representation of a sound and is part of a speakers` knowledge, in their mind abstractedly (as in phonology). Whereas the phone is an actual speech sound (as in phonetics).

If the phone is changed you might change the word itself. For instance, if we change the sound [k] in “call” with [t], you have tall, a different word. We have many examples of these as below and they are called minimal pairs (where only one sound is distinct):

FAST X PAST

BUY X PIE

SOME X THUMB

- Chegue no horário!!!!!

- Reconheça sua proficiência linguística

(CEFR) - e trabalhe de acordo com suas necessidades

- DO NOT MAKE FUN OF YOUR FRIENDS. YOU'VE BEEN THERE ONCE!!!!! Help them instead =)

- Work hard. there are always new things to learn

Consonants - Places of articulation/ manner of articulation/ Voicing

STOPS

Stops involves the complete, transient obstruction of the oral cavity.

Nasal sounds

Plosives

Stops will also include nasal sounds, where airflow continues through the nose. They are often referred as just nasals. English [m], [n] and [n] are voiced

If you put your lips together to produce pea [p] you will feel the build-up of air. We have voiceless plosive sounds like [k] or [t], or voiced plosive stops as [b] or [d].

Taps or trills

While a plosive is characterized by a complete obstruction of oral airflow, followed generally by release of that airflow, a tap is a very quick movement where the active articulator strikes a glancing blow against the passive one.

Phoneme /r/ and /t/

Scots - arrow, very

North americans - butter, water

Plosives

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/pronunciation/tims-pronunciation-workshop-ep-17

FRICATIVES

APPROXIMANTS

Fricatives happen when both active and passive articulators come together but not near enough to block the oral cavity. This movement creates a hissing for voiceless fricatives, for example the sound [f] in the word five, and buzzing for a voiced one, for example [v] in the word five or [z] in the word size.

Approximants will use the active and the passive articulator, but never close enough to produce friction. Some of the approximants consonants phonemes in English are: /i/ yes, /w/ wet and /r/ red; they are all voiced.

Plano de Ensino

Discuss before the video

How many languages are there in the world?

Do languages shape the way we think? How?

Datas - Avaliações

Are there things we can say in Portuguese but not in English (and vice versa)? Provide some examples

Avaliação 1 - 23/04/2019

Avaliação 2 - 13/06/2019

Read the text "A lot of testosterone and little pigment': Brazil's old elite deals a blow to diversity" and answer:

Why is representativeness so important?

What does misogyny mean?

Who are lawmakers in Brazil?

Would you be a senator? Why (not)?

How would Temer "turn things around"?

During her first meeting with the principal and the school’s teachers, Gertrudes, a new hired English teacher, is introduced to her colleagues, who automatically start talking about the school difficulties.

They mention they had many “difficult” students and she should be careful.

Gertrudes was very excited and eager to get started, but during her first day, she had many surprises, which made her a bit anxious about her new job.

She had barely arrived when the school director asked her to come up with a plan for the whole term of her English lessons. When she asked what she was supposed to teach, the director said that was HER concern, not the director’s.

As she started teaching her first class of the day, for 2nd year high school students, Gertrudes realized her class had students with very different proficiency levels. Among the many questions she answered during her class, three of them caught her attention, as she couldn’t answer them.

How can the present perfect be used for the past if this tense is related to the present?

Why do we have to learn the present perfect tense?

How can the words yet, already, ever, never, lately/recently be related to the present perfect tense?.

Now, Gertrudes has to come up with answers to these questions and with a plan to deal with students in completely different proficiency levels, besides planning her semester.

PBL - What is it?

Instructions:

1- Time: 2 full lessons.

2- Your effort to use English as your main language of communication will be assessed throughout the whole project.

3- Follow these steps in order to solve the problem described below:

- Elicit a leader and a secretary (the leader will organize the group and the tasks while the secretary will take notes);

- Elicit, as a group, problems and doubts you may have concerning the topic and unknown terms/vocabulary;

- Organize the problems in a small mind map or brainstorm;

- Create a list of learning objectives (they should be studied/researched at home);

- Explain, as a group, what you have learnt and what are the possible solutions;

- Create a new mind map (or course of action) to solve the problems.

Choose one of movies below to watch.

How do you feel about technology?

Compare these images

Talk about the following questions before watching the video below

How are they similar or different?

What does this image tell you?

What is your identity? How do you recognize yourself?

Are you proud of being a Brazilian?

Think about other countries and nationalities. Are there any particular people you feel you don't get on well?

Do you know where your decedents come from?

Let's talk about politics

Historically, which minority groups have suffered in our past???

Homework - Failures

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/apr/30/cv-of-failures-princeton-professor-publishes-resume-of-his-career-lows

https://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure

What is the difference between the 2 pictures

Who are minorities in Brazil?

Discussion Statements

The Danger of a single story

* Everybody should speak at least two languages.

* In the future there won't be so many different languages in the world.

*Tourists in my country should make an effort to speak my language.

* Life would be easier if all countries spoke the same language.

* I think learning languages is really important these days.

* Girls are normally better at learning foreign languages than boys!

* I languages disappear, different ways of thinking also disappear.

* Some languages are more important than others.

Writing activity

What is the danger of a single story?

Do you know any "single story" you could share?

Write a composition about your history?

The DNA Journey

Things we need to learn

Common Ground

Think and talk about the following questions:

Lies in social Media

Think about your experiences as a professional teacher and build your resumé/curriculum vitae

- Vocabulary expansion/ idiomatic expressions

- Phonetics (pronunciation) / Phonology

- Past and Perfect tenses

- Writing

- Prepositions

Do you lie in social media? When? How?

https://www.facebook.com/inovacaomarketing/videos/10154185660046573/?pnref=story

What is the difference?

Accent

X

(mis)Pronunciation

go to presentation 109

PARAGRAPH, MAIN IDEA, SUPPORTING DETAILS

PARAGRAPH

A paragraph is a group of sentences about the same topic

Why am I studying English? Do I like it? or do I do it because I have to?

How do I feel about the people from English speaking countries?

Do I like the accent displayed on audio materials? or my professor's accent?

Would I like to sound as a native speaker of English?

What does it mean to speak with a native accent? How much of my identity would be lost if I started sounding like an American/Australian person?

MAIN IDEA

The main idea is usually given in the first sentence of a paragraph. This is called THE TOPIC SENTENCE.

Teacher interviews

http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2014/jan/29/teacher-job-interview-questions-top-ten

SUPPORTING DETAILS

The other sentences in a paragraph add details about the topic. They are called supporting sentences and contain SUPPORTING DETAILS, such as example, explanations, facts, definitions, reasons and so on.

Where would be your dream job?

If I walked into your classroom during an outstanding lesson, what would I see and hear?

• Why do we teach x in schools?

• Can you tell me about a successful behaviour management strategy you have used in the past that helped engage a pupil or group of pupils?

• If you overheard some colleagues talking about you, what would they say?

• Why do you want to work in this school?

• A question that is specific to the candidate's letter of application

"A candidate may have made a grand statement in their letter, but not gone into details about 'how' or the impact it had."

• What are the key qualities and skills that students look for in teachers?

• Evaluate your lesson

• If we decided not to appoint you, what would we be missing out on?