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Social movements bring about social change, alter culture, sway public opinion, and influence laws.
Why do social movements happen when they do?
How do they gather and maintain support?
How are the issues presented?
How are strategies and tactics presented?
How are the organizations structured?
What causes opposition?
What causes their decline?
How and why do they succeed/fail?
According to Tilly:
17th Century: Petit Mouvement
"A localized collective action by ordinary people which the authorities considered necessary to end by force."
Limited forms of protest are familiar during a given time, a concept known as repertoire of collective action.
Interaction with targets using a familiar tactics in public gathering s are known as claim-making performances .
Charivari: A traditional form of collective action directed towards those persons who had crossed or transgressed the norms of the community.
A new repertoire of collective action began to emerge in Europe and North America in the late 18th century, which included such tactics as large-scale demonstrations, strikes, and boycotts. These actions typically were more cosmopolitan with protests targeting national figures. The tactics were also more "modular", meaning that they could easily be applied to many different areas and situations. By the 19th century, the new repertoire was firmly established.
Social movements still use tactics from the repertoire established in the 19th century.
However, Tilly notes that "social movements and its repertoire are the products of historical circumstances and could changes as political conditions change."
"Collective challenges, based on common purposes and social solidarities, in sustained interaction with elites, opponents, and authorities." -Tarrow
"A set of opinions and beliefs in a population which represent preferences for changing some elements of the social structure and/or reward distribution in a society." -McCarthy and Zald
According to Tilly, a social movement is a series of enduring collective actions that are completed by a group of people with common interests, a shared identity, and broad goals.
Looking back, major changes in social movement tactics (repertoires and performances) become obvious.
Consider the actions taken in social movements now as compared to stoning tax collectors (as done by the women of Narbonne).
A complex organization that identifies its goals with the preferences of a social movement or countermovement and attempts to implement those goals.
The idea that movements consist of networks of individuals, cultural groups, alternative institutions, and institutional supporters as well as political movement organizations.