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Ming-Qing-Birth of Modern China (Chap 26 & 37)

MLHY

Taiping Rebellion

south of China; the native Hakka people suffered the most

  • opium war
  • social tension
  • Hong Xiu-quan's anti-Confucian and Christian-like vision

1854-1864: Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

  • Nanjing: capital
  • support from the West - short-lived
  • Qing triumphant!

Late Manzhou Restoration

policy aim: restore vitality to the Court and give

China the ability to protect itself from

foreign barbarians

modernized army, shipyards and arsenals

translating agency for Western books

land reform, new crops and flood-control projects

F took Vietnam from C

C lost the Sino-Japanese war in 1895

China's Post 1895

Qing Dynasty

foreign pressure: R, G, B and J

Christian missionaries - freedom to convert

Lost of territories:

  • Vietnam to France
  • Korea to Japan
  • Manchuria to Russia

decline of Ming Dynasty:

  • ineffective emperors
  • corruption
  • abusive eunuchs
  • peasant rebellions
  • rebellion against the Confucian school of thought

Manzhou tribesmen:

  • from Manchuria
  • paid tribute but X accepted lordship
  • admired Chinese culture
  • gradually won support from the Mandarin class who opposed Confucianism

Hongwu introduced a corps of palace eunuchs:

  • men w/out families
  • tots dedicated servants
  • eyes and ears of the emperor - almost dictatorial powers
  • power hungry but never seem to have attempted to overthrow the emperor

Capital: Nanjing --> Beijing (better defense)

Bureaucracy basis: Confucian philosophy and ethics

  • alternate years - county level
  • once every 3 years - provincial capitals
  • most prestigious "men of Han"
  • basic reading, writing and arithmetic
  • imagination, creativity and individuality, NO

Army:

i) Qing ethnic group; Bannermen

ii) Mandarin ethnic group

Kangxi:

  • long reign
  • strong personality, intelligent and well educated
  • kept the Manzhou tribesmen and ethnic Chinese separate
  • similar to King Louis XIV of France
  • retained traditional Chinese administration
  • improved waterways - dams and canals
  • opened 4 ports to European traders - small, permanent ethnic enclaves were formed

Qienlong:

  • great warrior and perceptive administrator
  • brought Tibet under Chinese control - for the very 1st time!

100 Days of Reform (1895)

  • under Empress Dowager Cixi
  • most important: her position!
  • aim: streamline the government, permit greater public access to

officials, and modernize the educational system with the inclusion

of Western subjects

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

  • attempt to rid of foreign exploitation
  • old Confucian-based government cannot be maintained
  • Boxer = quasi-religious society
  • joined by Empress Dowager Cixi
  • lacked weaponry and effective leadership
  • vs. Europe!

Urban decent lifestyle

Engineers & inventors: X prominent

  • Confucian ethos: the retention of the old, not the invention of the new, that inspired properly educated Chinese

Ming Political System

thus, the beginning of modern China

British East India Company + Indian opium + China = lucrative trade!

  • replacement for gold & silver, the B. used to pay for China's tea and silk

illegal trade and B's free trade disrupted China's finances and forced China to open more ports solely for OPIUM!

Lin Zexu (official): implemented restrictive import policies and rehab for addicts!

  • pissed off B who forced an unequal treaty: China lost some territories, forced to open more coastal towns to foreign

traders - HELLO Hong Kong!

  • invasion of other foreign powers: F. G. US. and Russia

all-powerful non-divine emperor : Mandate of Heaven

highly trained bureaucracy from all classes and backgrounds

3 chief groups: peasants, soldiers, workers

  • hereditary
  • theoretically caste-based
  • China too vast and bureaucracy too small

Rise of Chinese Nationalism

Qing Culture and Economy

Kang Yu-wei

  • argued that Confucian philosophy is about reform!
  • history was evolutionary and moving forward!
  • New China Movement
  • x successful
  • forced to flee

Abolishment of Confucian examination (1905)

  • arrival of aspiring officials with Western or Westernized Japanese education
  • Sun Yat-sen
  • leader of an antigovernment reform movement
  • initially called to head the new parliamentary government
  • stepped down and replaced by General Yuan Shikai, to avoid a civil war
  • founder of Kuomintang!

General Yuan Shikai

  • attempted to be emperor
  • failed to prevent a Japanese incursion during WW1

limited education --> distinct disadvantage

uniform education --> cohesive governing class

  • able to preserve China from disintegration

Dealing w Foreigners

most respected cultural activities: philosophy, history, calligraphy,

poetry and painting

  • Book of the Golden Lotus
  • The Dream of the Red Chamber
  • pornographic content

prioritize 'aesthetic sensitivities and artistic excellence'

  • chinoiserie
  • p. 374-5

education was provided to anyone who could afford it

lost to the West in science and technology

improvements in agriculture and engineering

  • incapable of sustaining the pop growth!

80% worked the land

20%: shopkeepers, market porters,

carters, artisans and

moneylenders

massive famine and poverty

  • machinery had not been intro to modernize agriculture

China-Japan:

  • pirates (wokou) - abandonment of coastal areas to pirates
  • cultural & commercial interchange

- daimyo & Chinese merchants

- shoguns of Japan: great admirers of Chinese culture

Maritime Expedition:

  • sponsored travel to East Indies and the coast of Africa
  • advanced Chinese seamanship, ship design and how confident China was in interacting with foreigners

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Yongle

  • son and heir
  • expanded to Korea, Vietnam and Mongolia
  • Great Wall was rebuilt

last pure Chinese dynasty

founder: Zhu-Yuanzhang

  • peasant
  • imperial title: Hongwu
  • great talent & cruelty
  • capital: Nanjing

pop boom: 60 mil - 150 mil

rise in food supply:

  • rice - Vietnam
  • corn, squash, peanuts & beans from America - via Portuguese & Spanish merchants

merchants of China:

  • low social status
  • wealthy to live a comfortable life
  • Portuguese merchants - Macao
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