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Incidence of microcephaly and polydactyl in the amish

The Amish

Mainly in North east america and are towns which are opposed to modern technology and are renowned for simple lifestyles

Amish populations have higher incidences of particular genetic disorders, including dwarfism, various metabolic disorders, and unusual distributions of blood types. Almost all Amish descend from about 200 18th century founders so genetic disorders from inbreeding happen more often.

Some of these disorders are quite rare, or unique, and are serious enough to increase the mortality rate among Amish children. The majority of Amish reject use of preventive genetic tests prior to marriage and genetic testing of unborn children to discover any genetic disorders. However, Amish are willing to participate in studies of genetic diseases.

Polydactyl

Postaxial polydactyly.

Preaxial polydactyly.

It occurs in humans, dogs, and cats and involves them having extra fingers or toes(digit). The extra digit is usually a small piece of soft tissue that can be removed easily. Occasionally it contains bone without joints; rarely it may be a complete, functioning digit.

Polydactyly can occur by itself, or more commonly, as one feature of a syndrome of congenital anomalies(present from birth). When it occurs by itself, it is associated with autosomal dominant mutations in single genes, i.e. it is not a multifactorial trait. But mutation in a variety of genes can give rise to polydactyly. Typically the mutated gene is involved in developmental patterning, and a syndrome of congenital anomalies results, of which polydactyly is one feature or two.

Microcephaly

Depending on the severity of the accompanying syndrome, children with microcephaly may have delayed motor functions and speech, facial distortions, dwarfism or short stature, hyperactivity, seizures, difficulties with coordination and balance, and other brain or neurological abnormalities.

Generally there is no specific treatment for microcephaly. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

it may develop in the first few years of life. The disorder may stem from a wide variety of conditions that cause abnormal growth of the brain, or from syndromes associated with chromosomal abnormalities. It is most often caused by genetic abnormalities that interfere with the growth of the cerebral cortex during the early months of fetal development. It is associated with Down’s syndrome, chromosomal syndromes, and neurometabolic syndromes.

Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the circumference of the head is smaller than average for person's gender/age group.

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