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  • http://w3.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/tropdry.htm
  • http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/world-biomes/characteristics-of-bioclimatic/tropical-dry-forest/
  • https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/18594 stri_Tropical_Seasonal_Forest.pdf?sequence=1
  • http://www.krugerpark.co.za/
  • http://africansavannah.blogspot.com/
  • http://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/cactus_facts/501/

Sources Cited

Anthropogenic Problems

Solutions

Friedland, A. J., Relyea, R., & Courard-Hauri, D. (2012). Environmental science for AP*. Retrieved October 03, 2016.

Candelabra tree. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://www.fauna-flora.org/species/candelabra-tree/

Crested Guan (Penelope purpurascens) - Neotropical Birds. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=78311

Capuchin Monkey. (n.d.). Retrieved October 05, 2016, from http://www.monkeyworlds.com/capuchin-monkey/

Charity, O. A. (n.d.). Giraffe. Retrieved October 05, 2016, from http://www.onekind.org/education/animals_a_z/giraffe/

Eucalyptus. (n.d.). Retrieved October 05, 2016, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/Eucalyptus

Rainforest Alliance. (n.d.). Retrieved October 05, 2016, from http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/kids/species-profiles/orchid

H. (2016). Basic Facts About Clouded Leopards. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from http://www.defenders.org/clouded-leopard/basic-facts

  • Agriculture and Urbanization - loss of habitats, fertilizers and irrigation pollutes the land, soil nutrient depletion (monoculture cropping), overgrazing and overcrowding of watering holes.

  • Hunting - illegal poaching as well as people hunting for food and income has driven many animals to the brink of extinction.

  • Fire Prevention - Periodic fires are needed to remove dead and decaying organic material, but humans suppress them to protect their land and agricultural fields. This turns the savanna into a long-term forested area, and because organic matter and litter accumulate, fires tend to be extra destructive when they do arise.
  • Conservation Reserves - Not only do they provide land and habitat for endangered species, but they can also create jobs and bring in money so native people rely less on hunting for food and furs in order to survive.

  • Prescribed Burnings - safe if done correctly, healthy for the environment, and prevent wildfires from destroying both the environment and human structures.

  • Stricter Laws - government regulation of grazing and cattle and harsher rules against poaching would reduce these activities.

By Sanjana Ramchandran

&

Indiana Schnicer

Consumers Contd.

Tropical Seasonal Forests

4. Giraffe (Giraffe Camelopardalis)

  • Their long, tough tongues (up to 45cm long) allow them to wrap around the leaves they eat that other animals would avoid, especially thorny ones like acacias.
  • Tallest mammals in the world - newborns are taller than most humans. Allows them to reach tall trees and spot predators from a distance.
  • Extra-large heart 2-3 times stronger than a human's to pump blood up their long necks to the brain.

6. Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

  • Their large nose and great sense of smell helps them determine if the eucalyptus leaves that they intend to eat are poisonous or not.
  • Heavily padded paws and sharp claws allows them to grip trees better.
  • They sleep 18-22 hours a day to conserve energy that is dedicated to digestion, since their diet is hard to digest and low on nutrition.
  • The only time that they come down from the tree is if the next tree is too far to jump to or during the mating season because they are awkward on land, making them at risk from predators and cars.

5. Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)

  • Have good hearing and sharp eyesight at night, which they use to hunt. They are both scavengers and hunters, and will sometimes eat insects and even fruit if food is scarce.
  • Their strong digestive system can even obtain nutrients from skin and bones, and can process almost anything except hooves, horns, and hair. This increases their food options.
  • Live together in large groups called clans and communicate easily with each other using calls that sound like laughs.

Consumers

1. Capuchin Monkey (Cebus capucinus)

  • Inhabits the dry forest region of Ecuador and Brazil
  • Travels in groups of 10-35 in order to find food
  • This species can jump up to 9 feet, which helps to travel between trees
  • Prehensile tail aids in gripping and swinging on branches
  • Due to its gentle temperament, the monkey has been popularized as an "exotic pet"

3. Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)

  • Have the longest canine teeth of any wildcat
  • Populations are distributed thinly across southeast Asia/India
  • Carnivorous predators that feed on mainly birds and monkeys
  • Have specially adapted ankle bones and large paws, enabling them to climb the undersides of branches and hang upside down on their hind legs to capture prey
  • Dark brown cloud-like spots provide camouflage in the forest

2. Crested Guan (Penelope purpurascens)

  • Native to southern Mexico and northern Venezuela/Ecuador
  • Turkey-like bird with a long, thin neck and dark brown plumage
  • Lives directly in the tree canopy and travels by hopping from limb to limb
  • Performs a wing-drumming display in midair to attract mates

Producers

1. Candelabra Tree (Euphorbia ingens)

  • Native to the African savanna and eastern Brazil
  • Sharp spines are used to ward off predators
  • Exudes a sticky latex injurious to human/animal health
  • Wood is prized for timber and medicinal properties

2. Baobab (Adansonia digitata)

  • Also known as boab, boaboa, tabaldi, bottle tree, and upside-down tree.
  • Found in Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, and across Africa.
  • Very hard to kill - they can be burnt or stripped of their bark, and they will just form new bark and keep on growing. Also have an adaptation that allows them to grow quickly when water is available.
  • Both the leaves and fruit are edible and medicinal, the bark is used for things like rope and baskets, and the pollen can be made into glue. Hollow baobabs have been used as prisons, shops, houses, and other structures.

3. Cactus (Columnar Cacti)

  • Can go into a dormant state and have periods of intense growth and blossoming when sun and water are available to conserve energy.
  • Have spines that prevent loss of water via transpiration and protect it from consumers.
  • Cactus water is denser than tap water, but it is safe for drinking.
  • Roots are located few inches underground, but they can reach up to 7 feet in diameter because water easily passes through the sand.

Climate

4. Acacias (Genus Acacia)

  • Trees and shrubs of the pea family native to Africa and Australia
  • Covered in sharp thorns that protects them from herbivores
  • Reduced leaves that consist only of vertically flattened leaf-stalks that reduce evaporation to retain hard-to-find water.
  • Flowers can be used in perfumes and cosmetics, and its strong bark is used in furniture and floors.

5. Eucalyptus (Genus Eucalyptus)

  • Also known as gum or stringybark trees, they are predominantly native to northern Australia
  • Grow rapidly, reaching heights of up to 300 ft
  • Leaves are rich in oil that can be used in medicine and insecticides. Eucalyptus wood is durable and extremely valuable
  • Trees shed their bark once a year
  • Drop their leaves to conserve water during the dry season
  • To survive wildfires, trees contain dormant shoots that will germinate only under specific heat conditions
  • Characterized by distinct wet and dry periods due to the Intertropical Convergent Zone (an area of low pressure which releases varying levels of precipitation throughout the year)
  • Biome is also known as the tropical deciduous forest because trees drop their leaves during the dry season
  • Areas with especially long dry intervals and scattered vegetation are called savannas
  • Average annual temperatures over 18° C
  • Rainfall varies between 50 cm (savannas) to over 300 cm (monsoon regions) per year

6. Orchids (Family Orchidaceae)

  • The orchid family is the most abundant in the world, with over 25,000 different species and at least 10,000 existing in the tropics
  • Most are epiphytes (grow on other plants/trees), but some are subterranean
  • Compensate for low water retention rate in the roots through a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi, which help orchids absorb nutrients
  • Are especially affected by deforestation and habitat loss due to their dependence on one bird/insect species for pollination

Soil & Primary Locations

  • Warm climate encourages decomposition and high organic matter content
  • Plants cannot absorb all soil nutrients due to high rates of evapotranspiration and low rainfall
  • Fertile, well-drained soil is advantageous for farming

Major regions: Central America, Atlantic coast of South America, sub-Saharan Africa, southern Asia, northern Australia

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